Mental Illness A Mental Disorder - 1463 Words

You’re walking down the street, passing hundreds of people as you go. Do you ever stop and think that every single person walking past you has their own story and their own daily struggles? Even the person next to you may have something about themselves that they have never told anyone. A statistic from the National Institute of Mental Health, or NIMH, stated that in 2010 7.4% of the population had some sort of mental or behavioral disorder. This means that around 510,600,000 people suffered from some form of mental or behavioral disorder in 2010 alone. Now, with all this information we must first ask, what is a mental illness? The definition given by the National Alliance of Mental Illness, or NAMI, states that â€Å"A mental illness is a condition that impacts a person’s thinking, feeling, or mood and may affect his or her ability to relate to others and function on a daily basis.† Many psychological disorders are developed through genetics and are passed through genes. A person with parents who had or have a mental illness are more susceptible to develop some form of psychological disorder than those without. Within the brain, certain chemicals called neurotransmitters are off balanced and don’t let the messages to the brain get through correctly as to help perform healthy daily thoughts or functions. Sometimes trauma from abuse or neglect can trigger a psychological disorder. Stressors in an environment can also add to the cause of a trigger for mental illnesses. The reasonsShow MoreRelatedMental Illness : A Mental Disorder1033 Words   |  5 Pageswith a mental illness? A mental i llness can be caused by a substance abuse, a hereditary problem, and injuries or defects related to the brain. Having a mental illness gives sensations and thoughts as if one were insane and in need of an asylum. Living with a mental illness is difficult because people tend to feel alone in the world. It truly is a sad and desperate feeling. Sometimes, it even seems to be the worst feeling in the world. Anxious feelings, or anxiety disorders, are a type of mental illnessesRead MoreMental Illness And Mental Disorders Essay2211 Words   |  9 PagesIt not easy to determine how many people suffer from mental illness. This is due to the changing definitions of mental illness and problems classifying, diagnosing, and reporting mental disorders. There are social stigmas attached to mental illness, such as being labeled crazy, being treated as a danger to others, and being denied jobs or health insurance coverage. These negative connotations keep many sufferers from seeking help, and many of those in treatment do not reveal it on surveys. SomeRead MoreMental Illness And Mental Disorders826 Words   |  4 PagesMental illness; the term has increasingly become mainstream, as seen on the television, newspapers, and twitter. Shortly after the fatal shooting of a new screw in Virginia the word got around that the gunman had shown symptoms of a mental condition. A mental disorder is prolonged dysfunction in thoughts behavior and/or emotions that significantly deviates from common human behavior. During his life This individual was never diagnosed of this condition however after analysis of the terrible shootingRead MoreMental Illness Of Mental Health Disorders1590 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen gathered on mental illnesses and their prevalence. Before around the 1980’s though, the evidence that was gathered on mental illnesses was too inconsistent to be credible. In a survey conducted by the World Health Organization’s department of World Mental Health, data wa s gathered on the prevalence of mental health disorders in 14 countries around the world. The results of these surveys conclude that mental health disorders are more prevalent than any other chronic illness. The author of theRead MoreMental Disorders: Causes of Mental Illness1297 Words   |  5 Pageshow is it triggered? What does anxiety do to the body and what can it lead to? How can it be coped with or treated? This paper will thoroughly discuss the answers to these questions in a manner that is easy to digest. First, anxiety is a mental disorder that is plaguing not only the United States, but the entire earth. It can be defined as a vague uneasy feeling of discomfort, dread, or apprehension caused by anticipation of danger. These feelings are also accompanied by an autonomic responseRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Mental Illness802 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder is known to be a mental illness. A mental illness can be described as a number of things. When talking about bipolar disorder being a mental illness it is described as lacking certain area in the brain. There are two stages of bipolar disorders, Type one and Type two. Type one is more severe than type two. Bipolar disorders began approximately around in the nineteenth century. Bipolar disorder was founded and introduced by both Jean-Pierre Falret a French psychiatrist and Emil KraepeinRead MoreEating Disorders are a Mental Illness1431 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eating disorders are m ental illnesses that involve an obsession with food, extremely unhealthy eating behaviors and a distorted body image. They are complicated, serious disorders. The group that eating disorders affects the most are typically girls through the ages of sixteen and twenty years old. Although teenage eating disorders are typically believed to be caused by depression or genetic factors, social media has worsened the problem by the huge increase in peer pressure girls endureRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Illness2097 Words   |  9 PagesBipolar disorder, also called manic depression, is a systemic disorder that affects a person both mentally and physically. While talking about diseases and disorders may be hard for some, it is vital that we do in order to have an understanding of them. Bipolar disorder affects so many people in the world that it is highly likely that you probably know someone suffering from it. It is a disorder that we are still making discoveries about each and every day, and will continue to do so in order to satisfyRead MoreIs Schizoaffective Disorder A Mental Illness?1786 Words   |  8 PagesA Schizoaffective disorder is a mental illness. The symptoms of this illness include having strange or unusual thoughts or perceptions, paranoid thoughts and ideas, delusion (i.e. having false, fixed beliefs), hallucination, such as hearing voices, and experience disorganized thinking (i.e. unclear and confused thoughts). They may have manic episodes or a sudden increase in energy and behavioural displays that are out of character. They may become irritable and have poor temper control, and evenRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Disorder Of Mental Illness?809 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative: Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disorder of mental illness. Another way to describe this disorder is to lost the touch with reality. Schizophrenia is less common than any other mental disorder; therefore, treatments can be different. This disease is likely to occur between age of 16 to 30, or may develops in children if problem occurs during the birth. In that regard, a person with the schizophrenia suffers six months or a month or less, if proper treatments given. One of the

What Does Comme Mean in French

The French word comme  can be a conjunction, adverb, or part of an adverbial phrase and is one of the most common French words and is used in a number of common expressions. Comme As a conjunction Comme is a French subordinating conjunction meaning as or since: Il est arrivà © comme je commenà §ais à   manger. Translation: He arrived as I was starting to eat.Comme il nest pas là  , je vais le faire. Translation: Since hes not here, Im going to do it. Comme  is commonly used in comparisons to mean like or as: Pensent-ils comme nous? Translation: Do they think like/as we do?Cest une excuse comme une autre. Translation: Its as good an excuse as any. Comme As an Exclamative Adverb As an exclamative adverb, comme means how or so: Comme tu es grand! Translation: Youre so tall!Comme il fait beau! Translation: How beautiful the weather is! Comme Plus an Adjective Comme plus an adjective means that something/someone seems to be that adjective: Il à ©tait comme fou. Translation: He was acting crazy.Elle est comme dà ©sorientà ©e. Translation: She seems bewildered. Comme  Tout Comme tout plus an adjective means so (adjective) or as (adjective) as can be: Cest facile comme tout. Translation: Its as easy as can be.Il est sympa comme tout. Translation: Hes so nice. Comme Si Comme si means as if or as though: Il ma parlà © comme si rien ne sà ©tait passà ©. Translation: He talked to me as if nothing had happened.Ce nest pas comme si je suis riche! Translation: Its not as though Im rich!

Career and Lifestyle Development Case Study

When people make their choices in life, they are influenced by the society that surrounds them by changing their social conditions in ways that may at some point encumber or even support their life with family. Interplay exists between an individual’s family and the society, and throughout the adulthood stage, an individual makes choices that are family related. Development is the movement, growth, and transition made by an individual from one state to another in life. This research has been able to state clearly the stages made by people who are developing from one stage to another. This change of state by individuals has brought about intellectual, physical powers, and the impacts brought about by events of life and different experiences of individuals (Carter Mcgoldrick, 2005). Monica explains her life span development theory with stages similar to that of Erickson and further ads that stressors in life originating from life situations, transitions, and socio-cultural events produce change to individuals (Boyd   . Bee, 2008).   Material, personal, or interpersonal situational stressors include things like loss of a home, income, and vehicle. They are mostly materialistic in nature. Life passages in an individual’s life are transitional stressors, which include transitions made by the family. Values, socialization, deviance, and conflict are examples of socio-cultural stressors. The factors associated with socio-cultural stressors include the ethnic group, sexual orientations discrimination, age, and status of people in the society. Stressors can be private (marriage, promotion) as well as negative (divorce, death experienced in the family). Human development is the study of physical, mental, and relational changes that are observable which occur to human beings when they are born, mature, age, and eventually die. Intrapsychic (inward), subjective changes in human beings are difficult to identify since they are unique to every individual even with common experiences shared. Human development studies in relation to basic principles or questions that are formative in nature have evolved and are being presented as dichotomies. Monica and Erickson’s theory considers the cycle of life from birth through to old age (eight stages) indicating the experiences of each individual (Brenman-Gibson, 1997). Each of the stages as presented by Erickson has its own value and should not be seen as being hierarchical. The early stages of an individual are the most basic and important since they serve as a foundation for later stages in a person’s development process.   Erickson’s life stages are useful because they give an overview of the issues of development that are pertinent for one’s counseling in many parts of North America and the United Kingdom. Adulthood covers many years thus, Monica and Erickson divided them into stages according to the experiences of the young, middle aged, and older adults. Early childhood stage takes the infancy- autonomy vs. shame and trust vs. mistrust, late (middle) childhood- industry vs. inferiority, adolescence- identity vs. confusion, early adulthood stage- intimacy vs. isolation, middle adulthood- generativity vs. stagnation, and late adulthood- integrity vs. despair (Herr Cramer, 1988). It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Long childhood makes a technical and mental prodigy out of man, but it also leaves a life-long filtrate of emotional juvenile behavior in him.— Erik Erikson (1902-1994). As individuals pass through the various life stages of development, so does the importance of their various counselors in their life who include parents, teachers, and peers among others thus bringing our opposite traits of personality (optimistic or pessimistic, independent or dependent, leader or follower, aggressive or passive). These traits can be temperament as well as learned based on the challenging experiences and support received as one grows. Erickson was influenced by Freud, but believed that the existing ego in an individual’s life is achieved from birth and the behavior acquired is not defensive. He concluded that development course is determined by bodily interaction (genetic programming biologically), psychological, and ethos influences (Newman Newman, 2008). Erickson’s philosophy is based on two themes: (1) the world we live in gets bigger as we go along and (2) failure is viewed as cumulative. The second theme asserts that, those individuals who have to pact with atrocious conditions in life when they were children are unable to negotiate at later stages compared to those individual who had less challenges when growing up. For example, he orphans who were never cared for (stroked) as they were growing up have hard times connecting with other members of their peer group especially when they mature to adulthood. Most of them have died without having experienced any contact from other human beings (Newman Newman, 2008). The first stage in Erickson and Monica’s development theory is the Infancy (oral sensory) stage, which covers birth to 18 months (trust vs. mistrust). The mother has an important role to play especially since the emphasis made for this stage are visual contact and touch. Kay a young female child passes this life period successfully and learns to trust having confidence in future expectations. If Kay had not had all her needs met during her growth, she would end up feeling worthless, frustrated, and would mistrust the general worldview being given by others. Most people who commit suicide are because of not trusting the world hence early years of development is crucial for any individual. The maternal parent or caregivers’ relationship developed becomes the most significant in this oral sensory stage (Newman Newman, 2008). Early childhood (18 months to 3 years) tries to develop the ego outcome to be that of autonomy vs. shame. In this stage, Kay learns to walk, talk, and feed, finer motor development, and toilet training skills. Her self-esteem and autonomy is being built in this stage by gaining more control of her body and acquiring new skills through differentiating wrong from right. Low self-esteem is experienced when she becomes ashamed of learning the important life skills like toilet training technique as a result; she feels ashamed and doubts her capability. Courage, self-control, and will are her basic strengths. The parents’ relations with her are important at this stage (Demick Miller, 1993). Play age (3 to 5 years) brings out the initiative vs. guilt ego development. Kay has the desire to copy the adults in her environment and initiates the situation of play creation by making up stories of playing out the roles in a trial universe environment. Here, she explores the use of the word â€Å"WHY?† Erickson downplays the sexuality, which is biological, and in favor of the features of psychosocial which are the conflicts between the parents and the child who in our case is Kay. They say that at this stage an individual becomes involved in â€Å"Oedipal struggle† which is classic and manages to resolve the struggle through the â€Å"social identification role.† Purpose being her basic power maintains that if she becomes frustrated over the acquisition of natural goals and desires, she easily experiences the guilt feeling (Newman Newman, 2008). School Age (6 to 12 years) ego development outcome is that of industry vs. inferiority. This is the latency stage where Kay is capable of learning, creating, and accomplishing new skills and knowledge thus, she becomes an industrious being. This social stage needs to be fully developed in order to reduce the competence and self-esteem problems. The school and neighborhood at large become the significant relationship to be observed even though the parents still play a role in the development of the child (Demick Miller, 1993). Adolescence (12 to 18 years) has the identity vs. role confusion in its ego outcome development. What is being done to us is the factor dependent in this developmental stage according to Erickson. From here on to the last stage, what we do is the primary factor of development. Kay tries to find her own identity by struggling with her social interactions in the society and come to grips with her moral issues. As she tries to discover herself individually separating her family and society from her process, she learns so many things that spill to her career and lifestyle development in future. In this stage, she has to make decisions that will reflect her future life. If she does not navigate through this phase of development successful, then she will experience confusion role and mayhem. Peers are our strong relations, but we should always be realistic in our encounters with them since we become too devoted (Demick Miller, 1993). Young adulthood (18 to 35 years) carries the intimacy and solidarity vs. isolation development of the ego. This stage is crucial in developing our careers and lifestyle especially since we are looking for companionship and love. Marital partners and friends will encourage us and will see to it that our careers are well built in order for us to acquire a good life in future. Lifestyles developed will depend on her peer pressure influence, which brings out her positive and negative sides in the end. Isolation will; not be the best route to take since we need other people for motivation, encouragement and experiences so as to choose a career path meeting all our needs and wants in a comfortable and happy environment (Demick Miller, 1993). Middle Adulthood stage (35 to 55/65) is the one that has generativity vs. self-absorption (stagnation) outcomes of the ego developed.   Our family and work occupy our minds since we need to be creative and have meaningful work, which leaves us with the issue of being in charge of others hence the lifestyle we choose to live in will determine the kind of perception your children will decide to have of the world. Generativity is the ability of a person to care for others by producing things that contribute to the improvement of the society hence one should not be inactive or without meaning. The work place, community, and family are the significant relationships (Demick Miller, 1993). Late Adulthood stage (55/65 to death) has integrity vs. despair in its ego development. Our strength in this stage comes from wisdom since the world we live in is very large and we have a disconnected apprehension for life as a whole by accepting death as our life’s completion on earth. Those parents in disparity at this stage are as a result of their perceived failures and experiences. According to them, the theory of development from this research has given adolescence stage as the one establishing identity in an individual’s life (Stafford, 1989). Donald Super says that career development in the past 40 years was a vocabulary since it did not exist. In most cases, people get married and live happily thereafter, but in the development of their careers, evolution has to take effect from experiences emerging in a person’s life. Career development has many facets or segments, and aspects, which make the whole theory process complete and valid. According to him, the life span stages include growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline. The establishment stage generally begins at age 25 and the maintenance stage looked at the theory of transition where recycling (women) came in also (Super, 1990). Growth stage (0-14) has pre-adolescents conversant of self-concept and workplace where they have been exposed to use computers, the web and back up resources. The transition that takes place from elementary to secondary school gives assumptions of early cluster of job in making decisions thus choosing appropriate study levels. Exploration stage has dynamism on antithetical hence the counselors and teachers give encouragements to students in being able to widen their research of full spectrum possible occupations. From the growth stage, we look at the establishment with particular reference on Career Consultants who are Pathing and as Cybertraining Consultants for the Press of Research Psychologists. A career pathing consultant is given an opportunity to interact with clients by interpreting inventories. The Cybertraining fellow on the other hand, uses e-resumes and online assessments on careers in his research. Both of these individuals share the same models of career decisions, stre sses, and types of stereotyping and mindsets of clients. In the last stage, maintenance, globalization, downsizing, and merges have had traumatic effects on the workers (The Bulletin, Spring 2003) Recycling in women is much clearer as compared to those of men with emphasis on career crises elements. This transition needs to be coped with by both men and women, but the frequency of this element differs in both parties. Fixedness of these stages has been taken by women to be important especially since they saw these stages as being age related and thus they had no general application to their sequence of life. Productive and meaningful career development studies of women give focus to the determinants (situational and personal). Situational determinants are associated with sociologists who refer to structures of opportunity, to the social attitudes, and mores while personal determinants are linked to the psychologists who give emphasis on how the people interact (Santrock, 2008). Self-concept should not have the article â€Å"the† but ‘role’ which are complex in nature. For example, a high school student who considers himself a good scholar, but poor athletes are seen as role self-concepts, which are important constellations (positive or negative self-concepts). Individuals need to deal with realities in life that comes with stressors and concepts thus counselors need to help individuals make the accidental happenings happy. For instance, bright girls who ought to be attending colleges could not go because they cannot afford it should be awarded scholarships by their learning institutions in order to help them overwhelm their negative predictions and change them to happy accidents happening. People should be able to clearly examine their realities, assimilate them, and find a solution to them (Super, 1990). Career theories give matching to individuals and their occupations by looking at their interests, abilities, activities, and achievements. Emergent decisions should be made from those approximations of success by any individual especially those of ages 14 and 15. Maturity of career or developments, planning, and knowledge are measure applications used in explaining and exploring the kinds of decisions made by the person, to be able to make decisions that are tentative and hence subject to revision with ones experiences at hand, and be able to make long term decisions involving your study. Work importance and life roles like study, work, homemaking, leisure time, and community hence when a person considers work as lacking importance he/she qualifies to be recognized as being vocationally mature. The components of this level of maturity include planning of the career, its exploration, the world of work knowledge and skills, skills in decision making of career choice, and the preferred occupation of the individual (Holland, 1985). The concept of vocational amplified by Super gives acknowledgment to the distinct characteristics (self) of the individual while acknowledging simultaneously the similarities of other people. An individual makes vocational decisions that are consistent with his/her self-concept since the processes of identification progress with that of differentiation concurrently. The role-playing in the self-concept theory facilitates the development process of vocational theory of self-concept by doing a reality test, which in turn solidifies the whole concept (Patton McMahon, 2006). Lining up experiences from the past with assumptions that have underlying assumptions in an individual’s life does equate them to the choice manifestation, environment, and opportunity. The experiences that one obtains during his developmental stages pave way to his/her career choice. For example, if one is born in a family where the parents are drunkards, the child might decide to become a counselor in order to give advice to other children who want to engage in the vice of drinking while others might get involved in drug taking and abuse at an early age in life. The opportunity that life presents itself in one’s development stages reflects greatly on the assumptions made by an individual. Those who have plenty of opportunities at their disposal become reluctant in choosing careers since they have a variety of them to choose from while those with insufficient funds have minimal career choices due to the fact that they can afford a majority of them. The environment that one grows in will determine their career development process since the teachers, coaches, and community at large need to contribute in building of their career, which is a long process, all together (Herr Brook, 1990). The age of individuals at different life span development stages comes with different choices. Those who are in their early stages will make choices depending on their parents’ decision and lead while those in their mid stages are bias and think only of themselves. The older adults will make choices bearing in mind that there are so many people who will be affected They put the needs and feelings of others first especially because they have children who need guidance and counseling (Magnusson, 1997). In conclusion, Super did could have planned this outcome from the beginning. However, it is a process that is inevitable since not all individuals in that particular stage will undergo all of them at the same time.   Many people in the 21st century are making changes in their careers in their late stages of life rather than retiring because they were not ready in their early stages of life to make decisions that are going to build them. The most important side effect of this life span development is the advances made in career paths by allowing people to intervene in their decision making process hence their trends in work places generate gains from the societal. References: Brenman-Gibson, M (1997), The legacy of Erik Homburger Erikson., Psychoanalytic review. Boyd, D, . Bee, H. (2008). Lifespan Development.   MA: Allyn and Bacon. Carter, B., Mcgoldrick, M. (2005). The Expanded Family Life Cycle: Individual, Family, and Social Perspectives. MA: Allyn Bacon. Carter, B., and McGoldrick, M. (1988). The Changing Family Life Cycle: A Framework for Family Therapy. New York: Gardner Press. Demick, J., Miller, M. (1993). Development in the workplace. New York: Routledge. Herr, E., Brooks, L. (1990). Career choice and development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Herr, E. Cramer, S. (1988). Career guidance and counseling through the life span. Boston:  Scott, Foresman. Holland, J. (1985). Making vocational choices. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Magnusson, D. (1997). The lifespan development of individuals: behavioral, neurobiological, and psychosocial perspectives: a synthesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Newman, M., Newman, R. (2008). Development through Life: A Psychosocial Approach. New York: Cengage Learning. Patton, W., McMahon, M. (2006). Career development and systems theory: connecting theory and practice. Chicago: Sense Publishers, 2006.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stafford, Tim.   (1989). As Our Years Increase-Loving, Preparing: A Guide. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Santrock, J. (2008). Life Span Development. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. Super, D. (1990). A life-span, life-space, approach to career development. In D. Brown L. Brooks (Eds.), Career choice and development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. The Bulletin Spring 2003 A Look at Donald Super’s stages of Career Development in the 21st Century. Retrieved Sunday, 01 March 2009 from http://www.contactpoint.ca/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=354catid=58Itemid=37.

A Man Becoming Prejudice Against Blind People - 1710 Words

A man becoming prejudice against blind people. A man that has been closed off emotionally makes of a connection with a blind man, it is a breakthrough for him. It is an epiphany making a cathedral with the blind man is the moment when he learns how to trust another person.The Cathedral is a captivating story based on the lives of the narrator, his wife and a blind man. Raymond Carver is the author of this story, and he does an excellent job allowing the reader to delve into the lives of these characters. Through using the thoughts of the narrator, the reader is able to grab our attention because the story is made more realistic. The views expressed by the narrator in many senses exemplify the views of many in society and therefore the reader is able to make an emotional connection through the story. Raymond Carver is a renowned short story writer born in 1938. The New York Times classifies him as â€Å"most influential writer of American short stories in the 2nd half of the 20th century† (King, 2009). His upbringing was in a lower middle class setting in Oregon. Due to his upbringing, many of his stories were influenced as a result of his experience in that socioeconomic status. He had the ability to capture the lives of the average Joe through his fictional tales. He was known to use people from all walks of life to depict his agenda in these tales. He successfully wrote many short stories, poems, and essays with various collections. His story, the Cathedral isShow MoreRelatedStereotypes And Discrimination Of Modern American Society859 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice is defined as preconceived notions or judgments about a person or group of people based on stereotypes and not actual experience. While prejudice stems from a more understandable social need of humans to be able to predict other peoples’ behavior, it nearly always leads to discrimination and hate. In modern American society, most people would say that the prejudices that so negatively accosted minorities and women are gone. What tricks people into believing this is the level at which mostRead MoreStereotypes in Raymond Carvers Cathedral Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagesnegative manner at first relying on those prejudices, but as he comes to know Robert, he re-develops his stereotypes and interacts with Robert in a more positive way. Dr. Munyi of Kenyatta University states in â€Å"Past and Present Perceptions Towards Disability: A Historical Perspective† that fear, ignorance, and superstition are among many social factors that have led to the development of stereotypes and prejudices towards disabled people. Throughout history people with disabilities have been thought toRead MoreAn Analysis Of Cathedral By Raymond Carver1441 Words   |  6 Pagesthat focuses on the transition a man goes through to see the world with his soul. The story gives hope that people can change if given the chance to be better people. Over the course of the story, Carver uses both diction and description to explore themes in religion and morality. â€Å"Cathedral† depicts a husband and a wife as they prepare and entertain a friend of the wife. The husband, the narrator, is not excited about the friend coming because he is blind. The blind man and the wife have been friendsRead MoreAnger And Intolerance Are The Enemies Of Correct Understanding1210 Words   |  5 Pagesresult is an immoral decision based upon a judgment clouded by prejudice. Anger, ranging from a strong feeling of annoyance to a strong feeling of hostility, can provoke blindness in a person’s behavior under the right circumstances. Intolerance, an unwillingness to accept the views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from one’s own, is toxic when combined with anger. Anger is dangerous enough as it is on its own, so anger fueled by prejudice is bound to have a catastrophic result. Various types of intoleranceRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee, Fear, Gossip And Stereotyping1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfounded on prejudice are always susta ined with the greatest violence.† This cannot be closer to the truth, especially in regard to the treatment of black people in the United States during their fight for equality in the 1900’s. To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in Maycomb, Alabama during the early 1900’s. The story is told from Scout’s point of view and follows the lives of her, Jem her brother, Atticus their father, and their friend Dill. 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Disproportionate pride blinds moral judgment, creates intolerance and deters relationships. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austin is a novel that portrays individual characters who demonstrate a lack of balance in the way they perceive themselves and as a result they createRead More Essay on Elizabeths Strength of Character in Pride and Prejudice1297 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeths Strength of Character in Pride and Prejudice  Ã‚        Ã‚   In her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen used the character of Elizabeth Bennet to epitomize the harmonious balance between reason and emotion in a woman, making her a truly admirable and attractive character.    Elizabeths strength of character is emphasized by its contrast with the weak, naive acceptance of Janes, the instability and excess of Mrs. Bennets and the blind, weak-willed following of Kittys. Her strengthRead More Austens Manipulation of the Readers Emotions Towards Characters in Pride and Prejudice1403 Words   |  6 PagesAustens Manipulation of the Readers Emotions Towards Characters in Pride and Prejudice In her novels, Jane Austen employs the timelessly effective characterization agents of dialogue, action, and point of view to cleverly manipulate the reader’s emotions towards the characters. Austen successfully creates heroins in a time that it was not social acceptable to think of women in a heroic role. She is so successful in applying these characterization techniques in her story lines that she Read MoreRacism and Its Deep Roots in US History1688 Words   |  7 PagesUS history, white Americans often viewed the other races (or coloreds) as inferior. Even though slavery had been abolished, laws and practices inhibited the fundamental rights African Americans were entitled to. Thus the mentality of racism and prejudice thoughts had persisted in people’s minds. The novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is set in Maycomb County, Alabama during the timeframe of the 1930s. Citizens of Maycomb County abide by a set of segregation laws and practices. Maycomb County

Adaklfjda Free Essays

â€Å"My Birth Childhood† – add Interesting facts about your childhood (family, location. School, hobbies) in bullet form Born on 25 August 1530-28 March 1584 in Exoskeletons, Russia Ivan was the son of Visalia Ill Elena Gallingly was his mother she acted as a regent, but she died of what many bell eve to be assassination by poison His Grandpa was Ivan the Great and he was Ivan the Terrible He became Grand Prince of Moscow at the age of 3 when his father died, but due to political intrigues going on at the time, he spent most of his childhood imprisoned in dungeon while his mother managed affairs of state. Years later when his mother died of what many believe was a poisoning, he had reached the level of education necessary to become leader of the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Adaklfjda or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ivan was a lonely kid who was for the most part neglected by his family, who were buy sys poisoning and stabbing each other. He spent his time reading voraciously and torture Eng little animals. Hobbles Included drinking beer, playing the trombone, raping and kill Eng people. And throwing pets out of the upper windows of the Kremlin. 2. â€Å"My Adult Life† – add interesting facts about growing up as a young adult. Marriage, implies, work, travel – In bullet form Smart and a keen reader, early on Ivan started dreaming of unlimited power. In 1547, aged 16, he was finally crowned Czar of all Russia, the first ruler to officially assume t he title. The young ruler started out as a reformer, modernizing and centralizing the coo entry. He had his first rival executed at age 13. This execution effectively ended the political struggles within the Russian state that had persisted throughout his childhood. His father died at the age of 3 and his mother died at the age of 8 Ivan had a poor health, he was largely ignored Everyone would do terrible things to him but he would become smarter and he wool d get revenge He had 7 wives and his first one was the happiest and when she died he went into full ‘OFF 3. â€Å"What I Am Most Remembered For My Death† – add interesting fact about your accomplishments, or your failures – in bullet form Ivan also pressed to turn his country into a military heavyweight. Back then, the Attar armies repeatedly devastated Russian’s northeast. In 1552 Ivan crushed the Attar stronghold of Kane and then another one – Astrakhan. Ivan oversaw rapid expansion of Russia, largely by conquest, which opened Russia up o trade with Europe and new ideas, and his self- appointment as Tsar of Russia was a large factor in unifying Russia under one leader. He introduced new laws, many of which consolidated the power of his central government over the boyar of Russian’s past. La was to restrict the movement of peasants helped to solidify his rule, and also laid the ground dork for serfdom, which would cause his ancestors so many headaches. Ivan IV Vehicles, known in English as Ivan the Terrible, was Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533. The epithet â€Å"Groggy† is associated with mighty, power and strict sees, rather than horror or cruelty. Ivan oversaw numerous changes in the transition from medieval nation state to an empire and emerging regional power, and became the fir SST Tsar of a new and more powerful nation. Ivan died from a stroke while playing chess with Bogged Belles In foreign policy, Ivan IV had two main goals: to resist the Mongol Golden Horde and t gain access to the Baltic Sea. Ultimately, he aimed to conquer all remaining independent .NET regions and create a larger, more centralized Russia. 4. â€Å"What_(your real name) Found the Most Fascinating About Me† – write what you, the student found the most fascinating about your character†¦ s if you were e the interviewer. One of Moscow most famous landmarks is a reminder of this drive to expand Russia ‘s borders. SST. Basil’s Cathedral on Red Square was built by Van’s order to commemorate Khan’s invasion and other key victories in the Attar campaign. A popular legend has it that the work was done by two architects – Position and Barman. When Ivan saw the finished cathedral he liked it so much that he had the architects blinded to prevent t hem from building anything like it elsewhere. Had 7 wife Historic sources present disparate accounts of Van’s complex personality: he was scribed as intelligent and devout, yet given to rages and prone to episodic outbreak goofs mental illness He would kill people knock old people over, find women and do many terrible things t them, also he would rob and steal many things, lastly he would devour history books. How to cite Adaklfjda, Papers

Significance of GCP in India-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: What do you meant by Good Clinical Practice (GCP). Explain in detail the scope and significance of GCP in India. Answer: Introduction The simple definition of Good clinical practice (GCP) would be the guidelines covering areas such as design, research, conduct, analysis, audit, documentation, termination and, reporting of various studies relating to the biomedical field[1]. The major concept of the GCP guidelines is that when researching on human beings, the well being of the subject under study needs to be of more concern than the interests of science or society[2]. GCP aims at ensuring both the scientific as well as the ethical validity of studies and that the research concerning the various clinical properties of medical substances is efficiently documented. GCP in the global perspective The history of the GCP can be traced back to The Hippocratic Oath which is one of the most ancient traditions in the history of medical sciences. The primary code of this oath is to make sure that no harm is caused to the patient, however, in case of modern medical research, a more intricate set of guidelines for the practitioner in terms of his/her ethical and scientific responsibilities in various biomedical research. The two major principles of GCP is to protect human rights and to generate authentic biomedical data[3]. Evolution of these guidelines has taken place with consideration of the guidelines of certain major organizations like WHO, USFDA, European GCP Guidelines, ICH and also the Indian Council of Medical Research issued Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects. These Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects are required to be followed in India when carrying out any sort of biomedical research and at every step of such research. Significance of GCP in India India became a budding field of clinical trials from 2005, after the amendment of Schedule Y. The growth had begun, yet clinical practices required formation of roots in order to stabilize within the system. The fundamental roots of a clinical trial include the protection of well-being, safety, and rights of participants in a clinical trial. Another important aspect of the scope of clinical trials to spread is to improve the knowledge and sharpen the skills required in conducting ethical, safe, quality and scientific trials in clinical research. The primary stakeholders like the regulators, sponsors, ethics community (ECs) and the investigators have the responsibility to nurture the field of clinical trials by establishing proper guidelines to fulfill the two major aspects of clinical trials[4]. However, the past five years had Indian media highlighting the deviation in ethics and safety issues in clinical trials. There were numerous factors that led to such circumstances; firstly, t he sponsors started focusing more on saving costs and on their potential for increased patient recruitment[5]. Secondly, the investigators started to get more interested in the commercial benefit out of the biomedical trials[6]. Thirdly, the ethics community started functioning inadequately and finally, an oversight for effective regulation was lacking. The regulatory authority, in response to the directives of the Supreme Court in 2013, framed new rules and regulations for numerous important process in biomedical trials including registrations of the ethical communities, compensation and the audio-visual recordings of the consent from individuals. This step resulted in a number of circumstances. Firstly, the workload of the ethics communities increased by manifolds, secondly, the various institutions and their investigators lost interest in conducting clinical trials as the burden of the regulations increased and that outweighed the benefits of conducting biomedical trials. Thirdly , the number of new clinical trials drastically reduced owing to the fact that India was no more an attractive and cost-effective destination for clinical research for the global sponsors. This, in turn, caused the regulators to amend the stringent regulations in 2015, thereby improving the prospects of growth in clinical research in the present day in India[7]. Scope of GCP in India The GCP guideline that was introduced in India in 2001 did not show much potential further. The Indian GCP version was initially designed in a similar fashion as other guidelines, like Schedule Y, ICMR, and ICH-GCP guidelines, which however was not accepted in the industry. India still follows the ICH-GCP as the gold standard is easier to comply with. The need for an Indian version of GCP was required initially in order to have a uniform clinical trial quality across the nation thereby to be able to produce data for registering new drugs before the Indian population can use them. However, this does not seem appealing as the Indian GCP version is very difficult to practice. GCP guidelines have been formulated from ICH-GCP; however, there are numerous differences between the two. Indian GCP leads the research towards very difficult methodology, therefore, becoming a challenge for the ECs, Sponsors, and investigators. There are certain key differences between the two guidelines in terms of qualification of investigators, compliance with the various SOPs, complexities in the consent process, complicated documentation of drug labels and timelines and many more[8]. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that, the reason behind creating Indian guidelines of GCP was anticipation of good deeds, however, Indians still prefer to abide by the ICH-GCP guidelines and the Indian version will have a greater scope and significance once the complexity of the guidelines is reduced, practical implications are improved and compliance to the rules is made easier References ABDU, J., UL KAL, LAM TE, and CAL UN. "M. Phar." Bajpai, Nidhi. "Clinical Data Management Process Standardization for Vaccine Trials in an Indian Pharmaceutical Company, Under Indian Regulations." (2015). Bhatt A. Are registered ethics committees empowered to ensure human research protection? Perspect Clin Res. 2016;7:149151. [PMC free article] [PubMed] Mahan, Vicki L. "Clinical trial phases." International Journal of Clinical Medicine 5, no. 21 (2014): 1374. Mallath MK, Chawla T. Investigators viewpoint of clinical trials in India: Past, present, and future. Perspect Clin Res. 2017;8:316. Thatte UM, Marathe PA. Ethics Committees in India: Past, present, and future. Perspect Clin Res. 2017;8:2230 Verma, K. "Base of a research: good clinical practice in clinical trials." J Clin Trials 3, no. 1 (2013): 100-28. World Health Organization. "Handbook for good clinical research practice (GCP): guidance for implementation." (2005) World Health Organization. "Handbook for good clinical research practice (GCP): guidance for implementation." (2005). Mahan, Vicki L. "Clinical trial phases." International Journal of Clinical Medicine 5, no. 21 (2014): 1374. Verma, K. "Base of a research: good clinical practice in clinical trials." J Clin Trials 3, no. 1 (2013): 100-28. ABDU, J., UL KAL, LAM TE, and CAL UN. "M. Phar." Mallath MK, Chawla T. Investigators viewpoint of clinical trials in India: Past, present, and future. Perspect Clin Res. 2017;8:316. Thatte UM, Marathe PA. Ethics Committees in India: Past, present, and future. Perspect Clin Res. 2017;8:2230 Bajpai, Nidhi. "Clinical Data Management Process Standardization for Vaccine Trials in an Indian Pharmaceutical Company, Under Indian Regulations." (2015). Bhatt A. Are registered ethics committees empowered to ensure human research protection? Perspect Clin Res. 2016;7:149151. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Sample on Leadership - Ethics And Decision Making

Question: Effective leadership, decision-making and ethical management are linked both in theory and in practice. How may leaders ensure organizational decisions are made ethically? Answer: Introduction Effective Leadership is the primary force that leads to the development of an ethical culture and reinforcement of ethical decision making (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2014). Leadership refers to the inherent ability to direct and guide others towards a goal. Leadership is the process of developing ideas and vision, living by values that support those visions, using the inherent charisma to influence others to live by those values and possess the capabilities of making tough decision as and when required. Effective leadership helps organisations in creating a vision which acts as foundation for organisational values. Ethical decision making is a key aspect of effective leadership along with their ability to motivate others to achieve goals. Ethics is also called as moral philosophy that involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour (Fisher Lovell, 2006). It is important to ensure that all professionals abide by the coded of ethics. Ethical leadership leads to the creation of an ethical culture that is serves as a base for ethical decision-making. This assignment conducts and in-depth analysis of two case studies related to two great leaders Steve Jobs and Allen Mullaly. It analyses the leadership style, ethical management and decision making skills of the two great leaders who were the reason behind the remarkable success witnessed by their respective organisations. Both of them display a very different personality however their inherit charisma and a passion for innovation and success got them worldwide recognition. Case Study 1: Steve Jobs at Apple Steve Jobs has always been listed as one of the worlds most successful leaders who have had a considerable impact on the society and have redefined the business terms in a way that supported their actions (Adair, 2009). Steve Jobs was the Chairman and CEO of Apple Computers Inc. which he founded in year 1976 in his parents garage (Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). He was forced to leave his position as a CEO in 1985 owing to his personality clashes with others however soon he was called back to assume his position and today is remembered as one of the worlds most successful CEOs. Steve Jobs without doubt is the key force behind the extraordinary success witnessed by his company. He is recognised worldwide for his leadership style, ethical management and tough decision making. Steve Jobs presents a perfect example of transformational leadership wherein the leader is expected to anticipate future trends, create a new vision of possibilities, inspire followers in a way that they understand and embrace the created vision, provides ample opportunities so that followers can acquire leadership qualities and become better leaders and developing a organisation into a community of rewarded and challenged learners (Bertocci, 2009). Innovation is the main force behind the success of transformational leaders like Steve Jobs. They are ready to take risks in order to drive change. Steve Jobs is an example of born leaders who possess the inherit charisma to influence others and make things work according to their ways. Steve Jobs displayed the use of autocratic leadership style wherein the leaders makes his own rules and others are expected to follow his directions without questions (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). Autocratic leaders are task oriented and consider employees as machines who are used to get work done (Avery Bergsteiner, 2011). Steve Jobs never looked for inputs from his subordinates; they may be geniuses of bozos but were all indispensible or not relevant in his presence. Use of this leadership style is very helpful in running the businesses in a much organised manner and employees tend to perform better in presence of their leader (Bass Bass, 2009). However the main disadvantage behind this style is that employees lose their creativity and become completely dependent on leaders ideas. Productivity of such organisation falls considerably when the leader is not present (Bertocci, 2009). Steve Jobs is a controversial leader and would publicly call his competitors evil, mediocre and lacki ng taste. Steve Jobs was a very persistent leader who believed that innovation is the key to effective leadership. Ethical leaders possess seven core habits that make them different from others namely; they possess strong personal character, have a passion to do what is right, they are very proactive, they consider interests of all stakeholders, they serve as a model for the organisations values, they believe in transparency and are actively involved in decision making and they develop a holistic view of organisations ethical culture (Keen, 2012). Deontology theory of ethics describes Steve Jobs ways of ethical management. According to the deontology theory individuals must adhere to obligations and duties when they analyse an ethical dilemma (Weiss, 2008). Steve Jobs was a persistent leader and this is clear from the fact that he even left his position to stick to his values. Steve Jobs is compared to the Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky because he had such a pure vision that he was unable to accommodate the imperfections existing in the world (Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). A number of in cidents have been reported wherein Steve Jobs had terminated employees irrespective of their position when they failed to adhere to their duties and company policies. Culture at Apple Computers is described as power culture where ever issue was viewed from a deontological perspective. Steve Jobs displayed strong personal character, was proactive and had a passion to do what is right and he supported transparency as all information was well communicated to employee however their views was given no preference. Steve Jobs is one of the best examples of an effective leader with strong ethical management and decision making skills. He has made a number of tough decisions when he was CEO and Chairman of Apple Computers Inc. Some of his decisions were really impressive and has enabled Apple Computers achieve their desired goals; however like every other humans some of his decision were not that impressive and effective. For example his decision to hire John Sculley to succeed himself as CEO of the company was his biggest mistake and resulted in period of slow growth and many product missteps. Steve Jobs decision processes and style matched to that of a micro-manager especially in case of product design decisions (Daft, 2007). With his autocratic leadership style Steve Jobs was called a corporate dictator who took all decisions by himself. There have been cases when during his angry tantrums he fired his subordinates without even giving a second thought over it. Even on personal front Steve Jobs was seen as a stubborn decision maker who wants things to work according his ways. In year 2003 when he was detected with abdominal cancer he choose to go for treatment with a special diet and explored a number of alternatives before actually surrendering for a surgery when things were going out of control. He lived his whole life as a risk takers, innovator and attitude for a born leader. Case Study: Alan Mullaly, CEO, Ford Motor Company Alan Mullaly was the CEO of Ford Motor Company and was the key driving force behind the remarkable turnaround of Ford without seeking U.S government financial aid. When Alan Mullaly joined as the CEO of Ford the company was on the verge of financial crisis and was almost about to lose its independence (Hellriegel John W. Slocum, Organizational Behaviour, 2011). Under the effective leadership of Alan Mullaly Ford Motor not only managed to come over the financial crisis but also capture a huge market share of automobile industry. Alan Mullaly created an organisation culture that served as a competitive advantage against the rivals. Alan Mullaly presents a perfect example of transactional leadership wherein the leader motivates and directs his followers primarily by appealing to their own self-interest (Bass Bass, 2009). Transactional leadership emphasizes on the carrot approach wherein performance objectives and goals are effectively communicated to employees and regular feedbacks are provided to them. Alan Mullaly displayed the use of participative leadership style wherein employees were encouraged to actively participate in decision making process and openly share their views (Borins, 2002). He emphasized on openness and effective communication. He ensured that everyone in the organization is aware of the plan, its status and areas that needed more attention. He possessed the inherit charisma and high positive energy that enabled him to influence his followers. He was greatly appreciated by his followers for his openness that won him large support within the organisation. He had effective team building skil ls that helped him integrate the company into single global entity (Hellriegel John W. Slocum, Organisational Behaviour, 2011). Alan Mullaly created a clear vision and values for the company that were effectively communicated to employees and they very influence by his positive energy to live by the values that support his vision. He motivated his employees to strive for functional and technical excellence, work as a team in close coordination with each other, live by ford values and deliver results that met customer expectations. As an effective leader Alan Mullaly believed in communicating inspiring vision, informing others about the values that support the vision, be a role model who lived by those values, think win-win, bring everyone on the same page, always carry a can-do attitude and be result oriented. Alan Mullaly displayed all the characteristics of an ethical leader, he possessed strong personal character, he was confident, discipline and a fierce desire to win, he had a desire to do what is right, was proactive and considered interest of all stakeholders(Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2014). His ethical management can be best explained by utilitarian ethical theory according to which an action is viewed as right or wrong based on its consequence (Fisher Lovell, 2006). The choice that offers greatest benefit for most of the people is considered the most ethical choice. The development of One Ford model holds true for the fact that Alan Mullaly was a people-oriented leader who respected the rights of his people. He ensured that all the policies and code of conducts of the company are followed rigorously. He provided ample opportunity to his subordinates and employee to realise their full potential and actively participate in decision making. He viewed all employees as members of one team, who had to follow one plan in order to achieve one common goal. Alan Mullaly is recognised worldwide for his strong decision making and problem solving skills. It was his decisions that helped Ford Motor Company in overcoming a financial crisis and slowly win over their competitors. It was his decision to borrow $23 billion against Ford assets in order to ensure that Fords independence is secured. He was the one who suggested Bill Ford to sell Land Rover and Jaguar so that they can focus their resources on Ford brand. It was owing to his strong decision making skills that Taurus is back to showrooms and is one of the best selling products of Ford today. Alan Mullaly believed in effective communication being the key to successful change management and through his openness he was able to win huge support throughout the organization. Owing to his participative leadership style he concerned inputs provided by employees before making any decisions. He was concerned for all stakeholders thus ensured that high decision support interest of all. He decide d the Ford will work as a single integrated team thus developed the One Ford Model which is recognised worldwide for its effective results. One Ford Model is studied as a best practice around the world and is used by many other companies to streamline operation and build effective teams so that they can achieve desired organisational goals, develop and retain their competitive advantage (Hellriegel John W. Slocum, Organisational Behaviour, 2011). Effective decision making is an essential skill that helps differentiating ethical leaders from other leaders and managers. Effective leadership, ethical management and tough decision making as and when required has helped Alan Mullaly develop an organisational culture where employees enjoy coming every day. His inspiring spirit and positive attitude motivated employees to take the ownership of task assigned to them and work in coordination to achieve common goals. Conclusion Ethical decision making and effective leadership goes hand in hand because leaders have the needed skills and expertise to motivate others and enforce policies, norms and view points within the organisation. It is the prime responsibility of ethical leaders like Steve Jobs and Alan Mullaly to ensure that organisational goals and performance objectives are met in an ethical manner. It is seen that ethical leaders as those discussed in the assignment are found to have employees that look at them as role model rather than deviants that create problems within the organisation. Steve Jobs is an excellent example of transformational leader whose creativity and innovative ideas for the base for exceptionally high growth of Apple Inc. However at times he is seen as an autocratic leader who wants people to work according his ways. He preferred making important decision by himself without consider inputs given by employees. Whatever may be the consequences of his decisions he never repented. Allan Mullaly on the other hand through his participative leadership style and a people-oriented approach has enabled Ford Motor Corporation achieve their desired goals and become one of the worlds largest automobile companies. His inherit charisma and a strong sense of ethics has helped him keep his followers motivated during tough times. Development of ethical leadership skills need years of experience, training and learning through various best practices of leadership. Steve Jobs and Allan Mullaly have acquired ethical leadership skills through years of hard work, dedication and a passion to create a difference. References Adair, J. (2009). Leadership and Motivation: The Fifty-Fifty Rule and the Eight Key Principles of Motivating Others. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M., Stephens, T. (2005). A Handbook of Management and Leadership: A Guide to Managing for Results. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Avery, G. C., Bergsteiner, H. (2011). Sustainable leadership practices for enhancing business resilience and performance. Strategy and Leadership , 39 (3), 5-15. Bass, B. M., Bass, R. (2009). The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications. New York: Simon and Schuster. Bertocci, D. I. (2009). Leadership in Organizations: There is a Difference Between Leaders and Managers. Maryland: University Press of America. Bonnici, C. A. (2011). Creating a Successful Leadership Style: Principles of Personal Strategic Planning. RL Education: RL Education. Borins, S. (2002). Leadership and innovation in the public sector. Leadership Organization Development Journal , 23 (8), 467-476. Daft, R. (2007). The Leadership Experience. New York: Cengage Learning. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell. (2014). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making Cases. New York: Cengage Learning. Fisher, C., Lovell, A. (2006). Business Ethics and Values. Essex: Pearson Eductaion Limited. Hellriegel, D., John W. Slocum, J. (2011). Organisational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning. Hellriegel, D., John W. Slocum, J. (2011). Organizational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning. Keen, B. (2012). Applied Business Ethics: Power Living Through the Truth. Bloomington: iUniverse. Weiss, J. (2008). Business Ethics: A Stakeholder and Issues Management Approach. New York: Cengage Learning.