Starting And Naming A Business - 915 Words

STARTING AND NAMING A BUSINESS JOHAN RIVERA LIBERTY UNIVERSITY Shania Jackson is a Christian woman that has the desire to devote her time and money in the creation of a Christian coffeehouse in Denver, Colorado. Ms. Jackson counts with the support of her husband, Marvin that it’s simply interested in making a generous contribution for the initiation of the coffeehouse process. Shania has been approach by several individuals interested in being considerate to be part of the development of the business. Her sister, Kelsey, is new to Christianity and found this project as an excellent opportunity to be active in an atmosphere that will allow her to grow in her faith. However, her husband is not a Christian man and he does not support Kelsey’s desire. Carlos, Mrs. Jackson neighbor is one of the individual interested in investing in this concept since he believe in the idea and see an opportunity to increase his financial position. Carlos is not a believer, but consider that there is a market for a Christian coffeehouse and it would be in a high demand by the many costumers that visit the churches around the area. Besides choosing a staff to help Shania establish the business, she have to determine if the business will be a franchise were she would adopt a name and trade dress or buy an specific amount of products for a establish period of time. Mrs. Jackson also has the option to establish an independent business. Shania need to evaluate the intention of this business and takeShow MoreRelatedStarting And Naming A Business Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesStarting and Naming a Business Shania Jackson is interested in starting a Christian coffeehouse near Denver, Colorado. A few family members and an acquaintance, both believers and nonbelievers, have expressed interest in investing and become a part of her business. She has researched franchise opportunities with various stipulations as a method for starting her business. She is also considering naming her business â€Å"The Gathering Place†. Business Structure With a desire to be an entrepreneurRead MoreStarting and Naming a Business Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesBUSI 561, Legal Issues in Business Liberty University Starting Naming a Business Betty Wilson’s venture of opening a Christian Coffee House in Belmont, NC, presents her with abundant opportunities in selecting a business form. She is considering the following types of entities: 1) franchise, 2) sole proprietorship, 3) partnership of some sort, 4) corporation of some sort, 5) LLC, or 6) even as a joint venture. We will briefly explore each business option and give Betty concise recommendationsRead MoreCorporation and Betty1382 Words   |  6 PagesLiberty University Online BUSI561 / Legal Issues in Business November 4, 2012 Starting and Naming a Business Betty Wilson, whom I view as being a mature and respectable Christian, is currently thinking of starting her own company. Betty expressed that she would like to open a Christian Coffee House in her present town of Belmont, NC. Although her husband, John is opened to making a contribution of capital to her business, he is not at all interested in taking part in theRead MoreCase Study : Open For Business1694 Words   |  7 PagesOpen for Business Shania is a Christian who is considering opening a new business. She is contemplating who she will potential involve in the business as well as the manner in which she will establish the new business. The following is an analysis of the options in which Shania might choose, given the perceived goals and legal implications that will assist her in achieving those goals. Reviewing the Facts Shania Jackson is a married woman, living in Denver, Colorado, who has aspirations of openingRead MoreIntelligence into Success1435 Words   |  6 Pagesdream and often fathom about starting their own small business. Becoming a successful entrepreneur has been part of the American dream since the early 1800‘s. In addition to giving a person the ability to make his or her own decisions, business ownership opens the gateway to financial independence, creative freedom, and more time to spend with family (Smallbusiness.com). Nevertheless, how hard would it be to start a small business and be victorious? â€Å"Starting a business involves planning, making keyRead MoreRequirements for Starting a Restaurant Business Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesRequirements for Starting a Restaurant Business Restaurant business is the organized effort of an individual to produce and sell for a profit the goods and services that satisfy society needs (Lundberg and Walker 2). To organize a restaurant business, businessman must have to have four kind of resources; material, human, financial and information. These four resources apply for every kind of business no matter what kind of business it is youre going to start. For exampleRead MoreGraduation Speech : The Collegiate Body, Junior College And Universities Aren t Limited1031 Words   |  5 Pagesgoals, and ambitions. Dentin Diggins also known as Cole, is a 17 year old high school senior, currently competing for his 2nd Environmental Services and Natural Resources Division I title. Chad Hemphill, a 41 year old father of three, runs his own business. Knowing his mistake of passing up an opportunity to further his education, he s taking that 2nd chance after twenty years. We also have Vanessa Garcia, a 33 year old single mother of three, who decided to take the chance and mustered up the courageRead MoreSmall Business Essays1489 Words   |  6 Pagesbusinesses. A new business is established to create a good or service that no other businesses have ever created or simply a product of higher quality than existing products, with the purpose of meeting customers’ needs and earning profits. Due to the technological adv ances at the present time, starting and operating a new business is less laborious. Nevertheless, would-be entrepreneurs should be familiar with the proper approaches to start their businesses. The first step to starting a business is to createRead MoreA Code Of Ethics Of A Concrete And Electrical Business1347 Words   |  6 PagesOur business will be a partnership between Juan Alvarado and Eduardo Martinez will be starting a concrete and electrical business and we’ll be naming it JECE co. We came up with this name using our initials and the initial of what we are doing which is a concrete and electrical company. Our business will be providing work in the electrical and concrete field. Well be providing work to big companies, who want to build any type of buildings like schools, apartment, houses, and stores. Customers willRead MoreThe Domain Name System Essays1357 Words   |  6 Pageswhich top level domain (TLD) it belongs to. There are only a limited number of such domains. For example:  · gov - Government agencies  · edu - Educational institutions  · org - Organizations (nonprofit)  · mil - Military  · com - commercial business  · net - Network organizations  · ca - Canada  · th - Thailand Because the Internet is based on IP addresses, not domain names, every Web Server requires a Domain Name System server to translate domain names into IP addresses.

The Foolproof Argumentative Essay Topics Organizational Strategy

The Foolproof Argumentative Essay Topics Organizational Strategy There are many steps which you should take so as to compose a fantastic essay. An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. Even though a simple thousand words can be written in under a couple of hours, to compose a 1000 word paper is a procedure which may take days or even weeks. You may see that the course of action is virtually always the exact same. What Everybody Dislikes About Argumentative Essay Topics Organizational and Why Writing a college argumentative research paper isn't as simple as it might seem at first. Once every so often, your professor might offer you the liberty of writing an argumentative essay for college on the subject of your choice. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper can help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. Argumentative writings is a particular kind of a paper. An argumentative essay will require that you take a specific stance about this issue you're writing about. If you can begin your critical thinking essay with the correct subject, it is going to allow it to be a lot easier for you to compose the critical thinking essay. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but remember to do your homework on what the present laws about your preferred topic actually say. When you've got a completed outline, you'll have a step-by-step guide that you're able to follow until you're done writing. You could also make your topics which are along the exact same lines. Figure out which of the topics, you presently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. When it has to do with writing an argumentative ess ay, the most crucial point to do is to select a topic and an argument which you can really get behind. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good notion to start out with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. The question might be part of your introduction, or it may make a terrific title. Odds are, all you have to do is relax and locate a topic you're passionate about and, needless to say, one that's debatable. Selecting an emotional topic is also a great idea. It is essential to have a notion about the primary purpose of the topic which you're going to do the job. You must find the research to show your opinion is the right view of the topic. It's not sufficient to select a topic which everybody agrees on. When you are requested to select a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. Critical thinking essays demand a deep thought procedure and its effectiveness can be decided by your passion towards the subject. Education scholars are continuously evolving the way that they think about how we learn and what's taught. English language classes usually take a lot of writing. Students are part of the educational system and in addition, they play a part in politics so such issues touch nearly all students in all nations. The Unexposed Secret of Argumentative Essay Topics Organizational You can't create an argument if you don't take a stance and just add details about the given subject. For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing perspective. You can rest assured your point of view is right until you satisfy an individual that thinks that you're completely erroneous. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points.

Times Have Changed Essay Example For Students

Times Have Changed Essay Times Have Changed Times have changed dramatically inthe past thirty years. The style of living, the sizes of families,and education have all changed dramatically. During thefifties, sixties, and most of the early seventies teenagerswere thinking about going off to war or starting a family. Very few teenagers coming out of high school werethinking about college. Slowly as times started to change,more and more people were going off to college. Today atthe end of the nineties, very few people do not go off tocollege. Instead of high school students thinking aboutstarting families or going off to war, they have a biggerdecision to make. What college to attend. This decision willaffect ones entire life; how they live, where they work,what size family they are going to have, and sometimeswhom they will marry. Today, choosing a college is almostone of the biggest decisions one would have to make. Theanswer to this question will affect them for life. Finding agood job in the workforce is getting more difficult as timegoes on. Employers are looking for individuals who aresmart and can add something to the company; thecompetition is fierce. They are no longer acceptingteenagers right out of High School. They are looking forpeople in their mid- twenties with a four-year degree,so metimes even a graduate level degree. Many hypothesizethat this is because companies are paying their employeesmore. Another hypothesis is that they are trying to moveforward. These companies are trying to expand on whatthey already have. There is a race to become the biggestand the best. Therefore, they are looking to collegestudents who are specialized and know about the field. They are willing to pay college graduates a lot of moneybecause they have faith that they will earn it back. Duringthe fifties, sixties, and early seventies companies werehappy to be getting anyone. With the wars going on and theprotests for peace, most fresh workers were occupied. These companies were willing to pay and train anyone thatmight have been interested. Their selection was not as greatas it is now. The selection of workers today is enormous. Therefore, college students today have to work harder toappear better than the next person. They need to sellthemselves on paper. It is hard to do this without a goodcollege name on ones resume. One should keep in mind allthat has changed in thirty years. Imagine what can change infour years. The difficulty of getting a job could increase. With that, the amount of people applying for the same job,with the same qualifications can also increase in difficulty. The power of a good education should not beunderestimated; in many cases, it means a good future. Category: Miscellaneous

WeberDurkheimMarx and how they account for religio Essay Example For Students

WeberDurkheimMarx and how they account for religio Essay nHow do we account for religion its origin, its development, and even its persistence in modern society? This is a question which has occupied many people in a variety of fields for quite a long time. At one point, the answers were framed in purely theological and religious terms, assuming the truth of Christian revelations and proceeding from there. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a more naturalistic approach developed. Instead of needing to believe in the truth of the religion, what was required was just the opposite: intellectual detachment and a suspension of belief. Three people who ended up doing just that were Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber.Marx studied philosophy in Berlin under William Hegel. Hegels philosophy had a decisive influence upon Marxs own thinking and theories. According to Marx, religion is an expression of material realities and economic injustice. Thus, problems in religion are ultimately problems in society. Religion is not the disease, but merely a symptom. It is used by oppressors to make people feel better about the distress they experience due to being poor and exploited. This is the origin of his comment that religion is the opium of the people. People do not have an objective view of the world; they see it from the restricted point of view of their own positions.(p.35) At times I may seem to be focusing more on economic rather than religious theory, but that is because Marxs basic stance is that everything is always about economics. We will write a custom essay on WeberDurkheimMarx and how they account for religio specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now According to Marx, humans even from their earliest beginnings are notmotivated by grand ideas but instead by material concerns, like the need to eat and survive. This is the basic premise of a materialist view of history. At the beginning, people worked together in unity and it wasnt so bad. But eventually, humans developed agriculture and the concept of private property. These two facts created a division of labor and a separation of classes based upon power and wealth. This material organization of society is what Marx calls class consciousness. This, in turn, created the social conflict that drives society. All of this is made worse by capitalism which only increases the disparity between the wealthy classes and the labor classes. Confrontation between them is unavoidable because those classes are driven by historical forces beyond anyones control. Capitalism also creates one new misery: exploitation of surplus value. For Marx, an ideal economic system would involve exchanges of equal value for equal value, where value is determined simply by the amount of work put into whatever is being produced. Capitalism interrupts this ideal by introducing a profit motive a desire to produce an uneven exchange of lesser value for greater value. Profit is ultimately derived from the surplus value produced by workers in factories. A laborer might produce enough value to feed his family in two hours of work, but he keeps at the job for a full day in Marxs time, that might be 12 or 14 hours. Those extra hours represent the surplus value produced by the worker. The owner of the factory did nothing to earn this, but exploits it nevertheless and keeps the difference as profit. Economics, then, are what constitute the base of all of human life and history generating division of labor, class struggle, and all the social institutions which are supposed to maintain the status quo. Those social institutions are a superstructure built upon the base of economics, totally dependent upon material and economic realities but nothing else. All of the institutions which are prominent in our daily lives marriage, church, government, arts, etc. can only be truly understood when examined in relation to economic forces. It should be clear now that religion is one of those social institutions which are dependent upon the material and economic realities in a given society. It has no independent history but is instead the creature of productive forces. As Marx wrote, The religious world is but the reflex of the real world. Marx asserts that religion is only dependent upon economics, nothing else so much so that the actual doctrines of the religions are almost irrelevant. This is a functionalist interpretation of religion understanding religion is not dependent upon the content of beliefs, but what social purpose religion itself serves. Marx believes that religion is an illusion whose chief purpose is to provide reasons and excuses to keep society functioning just as it is. Just as capitalism takes our productive labor and alienates us from its value, religion also takes our qualities our highest ideals and aspirations and alienates us from them, projecting them onto an alien and unknowable being called a god. Religion is meant to create illusory fantasies for the poor. Economic realities prevent them from finding true happiness in this life, so religion tells them that this is OK because they will find that true happiness in the next life. For Marx, the problem lies in the fact that just like an opiate drug fails to fix a physical injury it merely helps you forget your pain and suffering, religion also does not fix the underlying causes of peoples pain and suffering instead, it helps them forget why they are suffering and get them to look forward to an imaginary future when the pain will cease instead of workin g to change circumstances now. Even worse, this drug of religion is being administered by the same oppressors who are ultimately responsible for the pain and suffering in the first place. Emile Durkheim continued with Marxs theories in his book The Elementary forms of Religious Life that was published just a few years before his death, in 1912. As Marx had argued that every class had its own conscious view of reality, Durkheim went further to demonstrate that even the most basic social ideas as time, space and God can be seen as creations of society. Durkheim suggests that there is not one reality but many and that this reality only exists because of the symbolic creations of humans and their rituals. Durkheim studied the aboriginal tribes of Australia in an effort to understand religion. He concluded that religion always involves a distinction between things that are sacred and things that are profane. Durkheim uses the example of the totem pole that functions to hold the tribe together. The totemic animal, Durkheim believed, was the original focus of religious activity because it was the emblem for a social group, the clan. He thought that the function of religion was to make people willing to put the interests of society ahead of their own desires. All members of the tribe gather together to perform periodic totem rituals, it is these rituals that set the rules for social order. It is forbidden to kill or harm the totem animal and it is therefor forbidden to kill or harm ones fellow tribesmen who name themselves after the totem. In the modern Christian religion, Durkeim argues that the moral commandments such as The Golden Rule and The Ten Commandments are primarily social rules. These rules regulate humans behavior toward eachother and serve to maintain a sense of social unity. People do not follow these rules out of their fear for heaven or hell but for their desire to be accepted by society. If they participate in the religious rituals they will feel a sense of belonging, whereas those who break the rules and avoid the rituals suffer from social isolation. To Durkheim, God is merely a symbol of society. .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 , .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .postImageUrl , .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 , .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:hover , .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:visited , .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:active { border:0!important; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:active , .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Confucianism EssayMax Webers sociology is the foundation of scientific sociology of religion in a sense of typological and objective understanding. Rejecting Karl Marxs evolutionary law of class society, or Emile Durkheims sustained law of moral society, Weber established the understanding sociology of the subjective meaning of religious action or inaction. He argued that the transformation of religion allowed for social changes where people could now work together to gain economic wealth. In a primitive society there were many gods, those kinsmen who worshipped the same household god as you could be trusted but those strangers who worshipped a different god were aliens an d could not be trusted. The rise of the great world religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, separated the idea of the natural world from the idea of the spiritual world. Instead of gods and spirits, people become widely concerned with the idea of heaven and hell. Weber argues that the idea of a universal God allowed for laws based on consistent general principles. Religion itself can also develop in new directions. (P.133) In primitive religions one prays to the gods to make his crops grow or kill off enemies. In the event of a natural disaster the kinsmen would believe that the gods were angry with them and continue to hold ceremonial sacrifices until the weather was better. It was this fear of the gods that kept the primitive kinsmen from trusting anyone else. In this new spiritual realm, the righteous individual who follows all the rituals and laws of his religion can still hope for salvation even if his has bad fortune. The ideas of good and evil can develop separately from the ideas of wor ldly success and failure.(P.134)In Webers writing The Protestant Ethic he discusses the role that religion played in the rise of capitalism. This new religious breakthrough opened many of the doors to industrialization: laying the basis for a moral community of trust underlying peaceful commerce; rationalizing the legal system; motivating people to remake political, social, and economic institutions in keeping with an imperative to transform the world more closely to the ideal.(P.134) Religion was now responsible for uniting and enlarging a community who could live together in peace with the same moral and ethical code of conduct. Weber believed that the Protestant ethic broke the hold of tradition while it encouraged men to apply themselves rationally to their work. Calvinism, he found, had developed a set of beliefs around the concept of predestination. Followers of Calvin believed that one could not do good works or perform acts of faith to assure your place in heaven. You were e ither among the elect (in which case you were in) or you were not. However, wealth was taken as a sign by you and your neighbors that you were one of the Gods elect, thereby providing encouragement for people to acquire wealth. The Protestant ethic therefore provided religious sanctions that fostered a spirit of rigorous discipline, encouraging men to apply themselves rationally to acquire wealth. This naturalistic approach to religion represented a fundamental paradigm shift in how religion was to be viewed. Instead of requiring clergy in order to understand religion, the requirement became facts and information and research. Whether you agree with the evaluation of the social function of religion as Marx did, that religion was the opium of the people, as Durkheim did that religion was what made moral society hold together, or with Webers The Protestant ethic, it is obvious that religion played a key role in the development of society. 1- Collins, Makowisky; The Discovery of SocietyHow do we account for religion its origin, its development, and even its persistence in modern society? This is a question which has occupied many people in a variety of fields for quite a long time. At one point, the answers were framed in purely theological and religious terms, assuming the truth of Christian revelations and proceeding from there. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a more naturalistic approach developed. Instead of needing to believe in the truth of the religion, what was required was just the opposite: intellectual detachment and a suspension of belief. Three people who ended up doing just that were Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber.Marx studied philosophy in Berlin under William Hegel. Hegels philosophy had a decisive influence upon Marxs own thinking and theories. According to Marx, religion is an expression of material realities and economic injustice. Thus, problems in religion are ultimately problems in socie ty. Religion is not the disease, but merely a symptom. It is used by oppressors to make people feel better about the distress they experience due to being poor and exploited. This is the origin of his comment that religion is the opium of the people. People do not have an objective view of the world; they see it from the restricted point of view of their own positions.(p.35) At times I may seem to be focusing more on economic rather than religious theory, but that is because Marxs basic stance is that everything is always about economics. According to Marx, humans even from their earliest beginnings are notmotivated by grand ideas but instead by material concerns, like the need to eat and survive. This is the basic premise of a materialist view of history. At the beginning, people worked together in unity and it wasnt so bad. But eventually, humans developed agriculture and the concept of private property. These two facts created a division of labor and a separation of classes based upon power and wealth. This material organization of society is what Marx calls class consciousness. This, in turn, created the social conflict that drives society. All of this is made worse by capitalism which only increases the disparity between the wealthy classes and the labor classes. Confrontation between them is unavoidable because those classes are driven by historical forces beyond anyones control. Capitalism also creates one new misery: exploitation of surplus value. For Marx, an ideal economic system would involve exchanges of equal value for equal value, where value is determined simply by the amount of work put into whatever is being produced. Capitalism interrupts this ideal by introducing a profit motive a desire to produce an uneven exchange of lesser value for greater value. Profit is ultimately derived from the surplus value produced by workers in factories. A laborer might produce enough value to feed his family in two hours of work, but he keeps at the job for a full day in Marxs time, that might be 12 or 14 hours. Those extra hours represent the surplus value produced by the worker. The owner of the factory did nothing to earn this, but exploits it nevertheless and keeps the difference as profit. Economics, then, are what constitute the base of all of human life and history generating division of labor, class struggle, and all the social institutions which are supposed to maintain the status quo. Those social institutions are a superstructure built upon the base of economics, totally dependent upon material and economic realities but nothing else. All of the institutions which are prominent in our daily lives marriage, church, government, arts, etc. can only be truly understood when examined in relation to economic forces. It should be clear now that religion is one of those social institutions which are dependent upon the material and economic realities in a given society. It has no independent history but is instead the creature of productive forces. As Marx wrote, The religious world is but the reflex of the real world. Marx asserts that religion is only dependent upon economics, nothing else so much so that the actual doctrines of the religions are almost irrelevant. This is a functionalist interpretation of religion understanding religion is not dependent upon the content of beliefs, but what social purpose religion itself serves. .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 , .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .postImageUrl , .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 , .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:hover , .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:visited , .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:active { border:0!important; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:active , .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bill of rights EssayMarx believes that religion is an illusion whose chief purpose is to provide reasons and excuses to keep society functioning just as it is. Just as capitalism takes our productive labor and alienates us from its value, religion also takes our qualities our highest ideals and aspirations and alienates us from them, projecting them onto an alien and unknowable being called a god. Religion is meant to create illusory fantasies for the poor. Economic realities prevent them from finding true happiness in this life, so religion tells them that this is OK because they will find that true happiness in the next life. For Marx, the problem lies in the fact that just like an opiate drug fails to fix a physical injury it merely helps you forget your pain and suffering, religion also does not fix the underlying causes of peoples pain and suffering instead, it helps them forget why they are suffering and get them to look forward to an imaginary future when the pain will cease instead of working to change circumstances now. Even worse, this drug of religion is being administered by the same oppressors who are ultimately responsible for the pain and suffering in the first place. Emile Durkheim continued with Marxs theories in his book The Elementary forms of Religious Life that was published just a few years before his death, in 1912. As Marx had argued that every class had its own conscious view of reality, Durkheim went further to demonstrate that even the most basic social ideas as time, space and God can be seen as creations of society. Durkheim suggests that there is not one reality but many and that this reality only exists because of the symbolic creations of humans and their rituals. Durkheim studied the aboriginal tribes of Australia in an effort to understand religion. He concluded that religion always involves a distinction between things that are sacred and things that are profane. Durkheim uses the example of the totem pole that functions to hold the tribe together. The totemic animal, Durkheim believed, was the original focus of religious activity because it was the emblem for a social group, the clan. He thought that the function of religion was to make people willing to put the interests of society ahead of their own desires. All members of the tribe gather together to perform periodic totem rituals, it is these rituals that set the rules for social order. It is forbidden to kill or harm the totem animal and it is therefor forbidden to kill or harm ones fellow tribesmen who name themselves after the totem. In the modern Christian religion, Durkeim argues that the moral commandments such as The Golden Rule and The Ten Commandments are primarily social rules. These rules regulate humans behavior toward eachother and serve to maintain a sense of social unity. People do not follow these rules out of their fear for heaven or hell but for their desire to be accepted by society. If they participate in the religious rituals they will feel a sense of belonging, whereas those who break the rules and avoid the rituals suffer from social isolation. To Durkheim, God is merely a symbol of society. Max Webers sociology is the foundation of scientific sociology of religion in a sense of typological and objective understanding. Rejecting Karl Marxs evolutionary law of class society, or Emile Durkheims sustained law of moral society, Weber established the understanding sociology of the subjective meaning of religious action or inaction. He argued that the transformation of religion allowed for social changes where people could now work together to gain economic wealth. In a primitive society there were many gods, those kinsmen who worshipped the same household god as you could be trusted but those strangers who worshipped a different god were aliens and could not be trusted. The rise of the great world religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, separated the idea of the natural world from the idea of the spiritual world. Instead of gods and spirits, people become widely concerned with the idea of heaven and hell. Weber argues that the idea of a universal God allowed for laws based on consistent general principles. Religion itself can also develop in new directions. (P.133) In primitive religions one prays to the gods to make his crops grow or kill off enemies. In the event of a natural disaster the kinsmen would believe that the gods were angry with them and continue to hold ceremonial sacrifices until the weather was better. It was this fear of the gods that kept the primitive kinsmen from trusting anyone else. In this new spiritual realm, the righteous individual who follows all the rituals and laws of his religion can still hope for salvation even if his has bad fortune. The ideas of good and evil can develop separately from the ideas of wor ldly success and failure.(P.134)In Webers writing The Protestant Ethic he discusses the role that religion played in the rise of capitalism. This new religious breakthrough opened many of the doors to industrialization: laying the basis for a moral community of trust underlying peaceful commerce; rationalizing the legal system; motivating people to remake political, social, and economic institutions in keeping with an imperative to transform the world more closely to the ideal.(P.134) Religion was now responsible for uniting and enlarging a community who could live together in peace with the same moral and ethical code of conduct. Weber believed that the Protestant ethic broke the hold of tradition while it encouraged men to apply themselves rationally to their work. Calvinism, he found, had developed a set of beliefs around the concept of predestination. Followers of Calvin believed that one could not do good works or perform acts of faith to assure your place in heaven. You were e ither among the elect (in which case you were in) or you were not. However, wealth was taken as a sign by you and your neighbors that you were one of the Gods elect, thereby providing encouragement for people to acquire wealth. The Protestant ethic therefore provided religious sanctions that fostered a spirit of rigorous discipline, encouraging men to apply themselves rationally to acquire wealth. This naturalistic approach to religion represented a fundamental paradigm shift in how religion was to be viewed. Instead of requiring clergy in order to understand religion, the requirement became facts and information and research. Whether you agree with the evaluation of the social function of religion as Marx did, that religion was the opium of the people, as Durkheim did that religion was what made moral society hold together, or with Webers The Protestant ethic, it is obvious that religion played a key role in the development of society. 1- Collins, Makowisky; The Discovery of SocietyHow do we account for religion its origin, its development, and even its persistence in modern society? This is a question which has occupied many people in a variety of fields for quite a long time. At one point, the answers were framed in purely theological and religious terms, assuming the truth of Christian revelations and proceeding from there. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a more naturalistic approach developed. Instead of needing to believe in the truth of the religion, what was required was just the opposite: intellectual detachment and a suspension of belief. Three people who ended up doing just that were Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber.Bibliography:

DrawAMan essays

DrawAMan essays Using the Draw-A-Man Test as a Personal Neglect Test The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of a Draw-A-Man test in measuring personal neglect in patients with a stroke affecting the right side of the brain. The Draw-A-Man test was administered to 51 individuals with a right CVA and 110 age-matched individuals without any brain insult. Individuals who displayed homogeneous bilateral representation of body parts were considered not to have personal neglect and those showing unilateral body parts were administered to the participants with right CVA to validate the Draw-A-Man test. Personal neglect is a disorder of body scheme. It is seen more often in individuals with a right CVA than in people with left CVA. Individuals with severe personal neglect are usually unaware of the left side of their body, or could be unable to recognize that their numb left extremities exist. People with mild personal neglect may be aware of their left extremities but still may hardly use them and refer to them as objects even if they are not motor impaired. The hypothesis of this Draw-A-Man test that the author of this article, Mei-Jen Chen-Sea, had established was that the type of man drawn could reflect the level of functional performance and that persons with personal neglect would be less independent with ADL performance than those without personal neglect. These participants had to meet the following criteria: a) post-onset 2-6 months, b) participated in rehabilitation program, C) independent in self-care prior to stroke, D) able to follow directions, E) adjusted to medication, F) right hand dominant. Fifty-one people completed these consent forms, of which 38 were men. The mean age was 59.41+-8.66 years and the mean duration post onset was 109.31+-62.26 days. 25 individuals had had hemorrhage CVAs and 26 had had infarctions. Of the normal participants without CVAs, which equaled 110 individua...

Definition and Examples of Descriptive Grammar

Definition and Examples of Descriptive Grammar The term descriptive grammar refers to an objective, nonjudgmental description of the grammatical constructions in a language. Its an examination of how a language is actually being used, in writing and in speech. Specialists in descriptive  grammar  (linguists) examine the principles and patterns that underlie the use of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. Kirk Hazen notes, Descriptive grammars  do not give advice: They detail the ways in which  native speakers  use their language. A descriptive grammar is a survey of a language. For any living language, a descriptive grammar from one century will differ from a descriptive grammar of the next century because the language will have changed. (An Introduction to Language. John Wiley, 2015) Descriptive grammar, Edwin L. Battistella notes in Bad Language,  is the basis for  dictionaries, which record changes in  vocabulary  and  usage, and for the field of  linguistics, which aims at describing languages and investigating the nature of language.   The term descriptive is a little bit misleading, as descriptive grammar does provide analysis and explanation of the languages grammar and not just description of it. Contrast Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar Contrast the type with prescriptive grammar, which  notes how something should or should not be used, what is right and wrong.  Prescriptive grammarians (such as most editors and teachers) attempt to enforce rules concerning â€Å"correct† or â€Å"incorrect† usage. According to Donald G. Ellis, All languages adhere to syntactical rules of one sort or another, but the rigidity of these rules is greater in some languages. It is very important to distinguish between the syntactical rules that govern a language and the rules that a culture imposes on its language. This is the distinction between descriptive grammar and prescriptive grammar. Descriptive grammars are essentially scientific theories that attempt to explain how language works....People spoke long before there were linguists around to uncover the rules of speaking....Prescriptive grammars, on the other hand, are the stuff of high school English teachers. They prescribe, like medicine for what ails you, how you ought to speak.  (From Language to Communication. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999) Examples of the Difference To illustrate the difference between the types, for a descriptive grammarian, the sentence I aint going, is grammatical, because its spoken by someone using the language to construct a sentence that has meaning for someone else who speaks the same language. However, to a prescriptive grammarian, it most certainly isnt a grammatical sentence, because, as the adage says, aint aint a word... (though it is in the dictionary). And just having the word  aint  in the dictionary exactly illustrates the difference between the two types- descriptive grammar notes its use in the language, pronunciation, meaning, and maybe even etymology, without judgment. Its prescriptive grammar that says that the term  aint  shouldnt be used, especially in formal speaking or writing. For a descriptive grammarian to say that something is ungrammatical, the sentence would need to be something that a native speaker just wouldnt put together. For example, someone speaking English wouldnt put two question words at the beginning of a single sentence. The result would be unintelligible as well as ungrammatical. In that case, the descriptive and prescriptive grammarians would agree.

The English Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The English Reformation - Essay Example This paragraph will examine the role of Martin Luther in the reformation of Western Civilization. Church has been dominating force in Western Civilization and over the period of time, it assumed the central role across different Regions because of the Catholic majority. What is, however, critical to note that many people actually considered Pope and Church involved in the worldly affairs and distracting from the original mandate of the same. Martin Luther was the person who basically called for the reformation of the Catholic Church and set the foundation for Protestant movement. By presenting his 95 theses he called for the full reforms of the Church and set forth the chain reaction which actually ensured personal freedom and proved as a move towards more liberal and open society in Western civilization. (Mullett) This will discuss the role of John Calvin in the reformation of the Western Civilization and how his theology challenged the Catholic Church. John Calvin played even a bigger role in the reformation process and his achievements are considered as even better than that of Martin Luther. Probably his greatest achievement in terms of the Reformation was further solidification of Protestant ideology and the flourishing of the Protestant churches across Europe. Though he and Luther shared the same theology, however, his influence in Germany proved as one of the deciding factors in terms of the spread of Protestantism across the region. The birth of Puritans, therefore, proved as a vital development which challenged the position of the established Catholic Church and appointed their own ministers without reporting to the Church. Calvin, therefore, was instrumental in founding what is now called Calvinism and was an important figure in reformation.  

The ideas of the early Twentieth Century differed from those of Essay

The ideas of the early Twentieth Century differed from those of Nineteenth Century World - Essay Example Another key influence in the early twentieth century was the horrific experience of a mechanized warfare which caused very large numbers of casualties. Picasso’s Guernica which commemorates some ethnic cleansing in the Spanish Civil War, uses some elements of cubism, and a great deal of symbolism, which in turn owes much to the development of new ideas about psychoanalysis and the subconscious. These new insights about human psychology provided interesting new avenues for artists like Matisse to followed up, for example in his painting The Sorrows of the King which mixes bright color and simple shapes into a layered pattern, indicative of human figures, flowers, and music, but not fully rendered into realistic images. American ideas about industry and technology, including mechanisation and factory efficiency also caused innovations in production techniques, resulting in the incorporation of print media and advertising into the concept of art as for example in the works of War hol and others in the middle of the century. In summary, then, the twentieth century brought a sense of discovery and exploration into the world of art. Old conventions were thrown aside, and adventurous new styles were developed, challenging what came before and setting out a radical new way of defining art and all the different meanings it can have. Later Picasso was to take this one step further and develop cubist paintings, which show human figures from the several angles at once, in a disjointed way.

Pagan Christianity by Frank Viola Essay Example for Free

Pagan Christianity by Frank Viola Essay The book â€Å"Pagan Christianity† by Frank Viola and George Barna leads readers into the world of religion, religious customs and rituals, sermons and religious clothing. The authors show how the church has changed over times and what new practices and beliefs it has adapted. Frank Viola is known to be an American writers and speaker who has published a series of books devoted to problems with church calling people to return to the biblical principles. Therefore, the central thesis of the book is that people should get back to biblical principles in their religious beliefs because modern church practices are rooted in secular or Pagan practices which have nothing to do with the Bible and God’s commandments, as well as the church doesn’t resemble the early church which was described in the book of Acts. Modern church is based on hierarchical structure; whereas the author claims Jesus came with the strong intent to put an end to legalism, structure and hierarchy. The book is very interesting from historical viewpoint and I think that it is broadly accurate offering us new insights and facts from religious past. Pagan Christianity The authors start their narration with strong claim that modern churches have little resemblance with the early centuries churches described in the New Testament. With the partaking of the Traditional Church the author became very interested trying to reveal what we went on. The first chapter is reflection of authors’ inquiries on the subject of interest. For example, Viola questions whether there was a need to turn down light and to wait when the Spirit would move on to another church. The author thinks we are the ‘Children of Lights’, although he admits that he doesn’t agree with any theologian and preacher offering his unbiased review. It is said that the word ‘pagan’ is a part of book’s title and it is applied to the churches being discussed. However, even the authors agree that often this term is not applicable. In the second chapter the author discusses the issue of the Church Building and ‘modern’ church-goers\believers. It is emphasized that the Church has built itself. The original meaning of the word refers to the Greek language ‘ekklesia’ and it means a group assembled. Viola argues that time and words are describing the gradual development of Holy Places and things which are considered important parts of religious world. The authors discuss Constantine as he was one of the first Christians who gave legitimacy to the Christian Religion. Constantine promoted and supported grand displays of religious architecture. Further, the authors review religious clothing, music, steeples, architecture, thrones borrowed from other cultures along with customs and rituals. In the third chapter Viola provides overview of the order of traditional Worship and description of Sunday morning sets. He argues that standard order should be held in all churches with only slight differences. For example, he writes: â€Å"You can scour your Bible from beginning to end, and you will never find anything that remotely resembles our order of worship†. Further, the authors describe contributions of historical Church leaders – Luther, the Puritans, the Pentecostals, etc. In the fourth chapter they describe the sermon abandoning principles of Protestantism. The authors argue that the early churches were not the sermons; instead, they were places for gathering and Jesus functioned as its Head. In the fifth chapter Viola and Barna introduce the Pastor which is viewed as an obstacle to functioning of every member. The pastor is the fundamental figure in Protestantism and he â€Å"is often better known, more highly raised, and more heavily relied on than Jesus Christ Himself†. (p. 65) And it is a serious mistake. It is noted that the word ‘pastor’ isn’t a tile – instead, it is a function. Viola notes that the word ‘pastor’ is referred to in Ephesians 4:11 only one time: â€Å"a scanty piece of evidence on which to hang the Protestant Faith. In this regard there seems to be more biblical authority for snake handling than there is for the present-day pastor†. p. 66) In the sixth chapter there is a detailed description of Sunday morning costumes. The authors describe dressing up for church, what clothing is appropriated and why. The next chapter is devoted to the origins of Music Ministry and description of the hierarchy of clergy. The eighth chapter analyzes Tithing stressing that it is used in the New Testament and Clergy Compensation, althou gh it is never used by the Christians. Further, the authors specify Baptism, its core principles and fundamentals. They explain that Baptism has replaced the Sinner’s Prayer. The Lord’s Supper was firstly a festive banquet and, therefore, lost its concrete picture of ‘The Body and Blood’. The final chapters are devoted to religious education and how it is possible to receive the qualification to Minister the gospel. Viola and Barna provide new insight into the New Testament offering so-called second glance at Jesus, churches, pastor functioning, religious customs and education. Conclusion: Strengths Weaknesses Frank Viola and Geroge Barna offer new ideas and facts about religious order, customs, traditional music and dressing. The book is very informative, innovative and well-organized. Moreover, it is very interesting from historical perspective as it is challenging and thought-provoking. The authors incorporate many references about the culture of time, adaptation of church, etc. I like their idea about church building that church is not the place – it is the people. Nevertheless, there were several controversial moments I can’t agree with. I see that Viola offers his own version of organized empire and it seems that he is supreme speaker and the founder of knowledge. It is evidence of hierarchy which he manages to escape. Moreover, he claims that such situation shouldn’t happen in church, although he puts himself on superior position. Viola calls people to leave their church as all of them don’t follow Biblical principles. However, he tells we are the Body of Christ contradicting himself. I think that we shouldn’t worry about such doctrinal issues. Despite certain weaknesses, the book is very informative and fresh.

Hemingway And nada :: essays research papers

Hemingway and "Nada" In "The light of the world" written by Ernest Hemingway Steve Ketchel, a boxer symbolizes a Jesus figure for a woman called Alice. Alice, a 350 pound, unpleasant prostitute struggles with her current life. Her central being focuses at the belief that she had a sexual relationship with Steve Ketchel. This wishful illusion arises from a complex she has because of her ugly and unpleasant appearance. Nick Adams, the main Hemingway character, believes that Alice, although she has really given up her life, still has the chance to change and live a happy life. Steven K. Hoffman would call this belief Alice has "nada". Nada is a term used in Hemingways story "A clean well lighted place". Steven K. Hoffman interpreted the word in an Essay he wrote. The word nada translated to English, basically means "nothing". But further it means much more than the simple word nothing. Nada from the point of Alice's view means that there is nothing behind of her belief. That means that her life is not based on a concrete belief. She does not believe in any religion; her religion is Ketchel. That arises from her place in society. In society she is ranked very low. A prostitute has nothing to say in our society. And since she is that low she cant set her goals higher. Her goals could be the goals Jesus talks about. Her goal in life was and still is to sleep with more and more guys. Back to nada it means that she has nothing; nothing to believe in and nothing to live for. Alice lives in an illusion. It seems that she suppresses the fact that she is a fat prostitute. How much lower can you get? She suppresses her problems with her dreams and illusions. The most important belief is that she had a sexual relationship with Ketchel. That is her main belief. For a normal American, Jesus would the most important belief. Ketchel gives her the strength to withstand her complexes. Ketchel in other words symbolizes Jesus. That is of course very sad. When comparing Jesus with Ketchel, you will not find any connecting. Ketchel is just a popular boxer among her friends and she knows nothing more of him. For her Ketchel is more than just a man to have sex with. As said, for her Ketchel is Jesus. "There was never a man like that.", said Alice. Alice did not succeed in her life. Not that it is over, but till now she did not make herself happy. She is unhappy, she is a prostitute and the most

Jungle Rot

Tropical ulcers (also commonly known as Jungle Rot) are necrotic painful lesions that are a result from a mixed bacterial infection. These ulcers are common in hot humid tropical or subtropical areas. They are usually found on the lower legs or feet of children and young adults. Typically, the ulcers have a raised border, and a yellowish necrotic base. The ulcers may heal spontaneously, but in many instances extension may occur which results in deep lesions that can penetrate into muscles, tendons and bone.If the so called Jungle Rot goes untreated it can result in much scar tissue and disability. A person can contract this disease or disorder in the skin from having preexisting abrasions or sores that sometimes begin from a mere scratch. The majority of tropical ulcers will occur below the knee of the patient, usually around the ankle. These lesions can sometimes also occur on the arms, but it is more likely to occur on the lower parts of the body. Most of the people who get this ul cer are subjects with poor nutrition which puts them at a higher risk, or people who do not wear socks or proper footwear and clothing.Jungle rot has been described as a disease of the â€Å"poor and hungry'. Urbanization of populations could be a factor in the disorder seeing as tropical ulcers are usually a rural problem. Sometimes outbreaks can occur; one was recorded in Tanzania in sugarcane workers cutting the crops while barefoot. Another piece of information on these ulcers is that males are more commonly infected than females. There are not really any symptoms from having a tropical ulcer. You are simply Just infected in some way and the ulcer appears. It is initially circular, superficial, very painful, and has purple edges.It will enlarge rapidly across the skin and down into deeper tissues such as the muscle or even the periosteum, which is the fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones. Tropical ulcers (or Jungle Rot) are known to reach several centimeters in diamet er after a couple of weeks. The edges will become thickened and raised at this stage of the ulcers growth. The central crater may also become necrotic, or blackened due to the death of tissue. Sometimes, the ulcer becomes foul smelling and quite simply, very nasty looking or else disgusting.Luckily, there are some known treatments for hese ulcers, although not all of the ulcers are treatable. In the early stages of the ulcers growth antibiotics such as penicillin or metronidazole can be used in combination with a topical antiseptic to reduce the size of the ulcer and ultimately clear the ulcer up altogether. For other subjects, if you simply improve nutrition and vitamins into their diet the ulcer can be healed. Sometimes if you Just keep the infected area clan or elevated the area becomes well. In extreme cases, amputation is necessary, but most of the time the Tropical ulcer can be treated with success.The reatments are usually quite affordable, it all Just depends on the person b eing treated and the amount ot money they nave . This disorder is also curable. The ulcers are known to go away in time as little as a week after being treated. Once a person has been ridded of the ulcer life can go on as normal if the treatment was successful. Sometimes there are complications with the skin pigmentation of the patient after treatment. Victims have been known to have different colors such as bright red, blue, and green around and on the infected area. It is even rare for there to be a color hange from regular pigmentation to orange.Although life goes on normally for some, for others it is different. If a patient's ulcer grew deep into large muscles or a bone, they can be left walking with a limp or other things such as not being able to use their arm or fingers in such ways like lifting things that they used to be able to. There are also more serious cases involving amputation that can put a person in a handicapped position such as having to use crutches to help wal k or only having one arm which limits very many things. There are known to be outbreaks of tropical ulcers, but nothing is said on a person preading the infection to another person physically.

Maniac Maggie Summary Essay

Questions 1. Page 158 = Who does Maniac bring to the party? What do you think is motivations are for doing this? A: Maniac brings Mars Bars to the party. I think that the reason he brings Mars Bars, to the party was to show the people at the McNabs party that black people are not mean. 2. Page 159 = How did Maniac convince his guest to come with him? A: Maniac convinces Mars to go to the party by showing Mars how good was the west end. 3. Page 158-159 = Where does Maniac and his guest go before going to the McNabs’ party? Why? A: Maniac and Mars Bars go to the Pickwells. The reason they go,is because Maniac wanted Mars to see all what the west end offered. —————————————————————————————————– Chapter 42 (pg. 162-166) Questions 4. Page 163 = What â€Å"game† do the McNabs decide to play at the birthday party? How does this make the guests feel? A: The game they play is rebels. Which is a game about blacks against whites. This makes Mars feel indifferent and left out. 5. Page 164 = Why does Mars Bar says â€Å"Yeah, bomb shelter?† What has he realized about the McNabs? A: Mars says that because he knows that the bunker is to stop black people. He knows that they hate the black people.. 6. Page 165 = Was Maniac’s plan successful? What do you think his plan originally was? Should he have invited who he did? A: Maniacs plan was a total disaster. I think his original plan was to make them friends. He shouldn’t have invited Mars Bars because he hates white people. ————————————————————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Chapter 43 (pg. 167-169) Questions 7. Page 168 = What does Maniac do to relieve stress? What time does he do it? A: He runs, in the morning. 8. Page 168 = What does â€Å"black and white only began when the alarm clocks rang?† mean? A: This means that the blacks and the whites have been enemies since the beginning. ————————————————————————————————- Chapter 44 (pg. 170-173) Questions 9. Page 170 = Who does Maniac realize is also out running? A: Maniac realizes that the person who was also running was Mars Bars. 10. Page 171 = Describe how the two people begin running together. Who are they, and why do they run this way? A: They ran every day and at the same time except that they ran on opposite ends. The people are Maniac and Mars Bars. They ran this way because it made them feel free and helped them relieve stress. —————————————————————————————————– Chapter 45 (pg. 174-180) Questions 11. Page 172-173 = Who comes to get Maniac? Why? What happened? A: The person who comes to get Maniac is Piper Mcnab. The reason why he calls him is because Russel was in trouble. He was trapped high in the middle of the trestle. 12. Page 173 = Is Maniac successful in his rescue? A: Maniacs rescue was not a success because he just walked away. 13. Page 174 = Who comes to get Maniac? Where is Maniac sleeping? A:Mars Bars comes to get Maniac. Maniac is sleeping in the buffalo pen. 14. Page 176 = What do we learn about the rescue? Where did the boys go after the rescue? How is this important? A:We learn that Mars bars rescued Russel. They went to the Mars Bars house. It is important because their friendship grows and the kids got cured. 15. Page 180 = What is the big invitation that Maniac gets? How does he react? A:The invitation he gets is that if he wanted to go to Mars house. He runs away. ——————————————————————————————————— Chapter 46 (pg. 181-184) Questions 16. Page 182 = Who else comes to visit Maniac? What does she want? Is she successful? A:The person who comes to visit Maniac is Amanda Beale. She wants to take Maniac home but she fails because Maniac think’s something bad will happen. 17. Page 183 = Why does Maniac say that he has â€Å"all he ever wanted?† A:He says that because he finally knows that a real home is near.

Environmental Degradation Air Pollution Essay Example

Environmental Degradation Air Pollution Essay Example Environmental Degradation Air Pollution Paper Environmental Degradation Air Pollution Paper Essay Topic: Air pollution The environmental degradation is the deterioration of environment through depletion of resources, such as soil, water and air. When natural habitats destroyed or natural resources depleted, the environment are degraded. Heres, one example of air pollution which lead to environment degraded in London. London in SE England had the reputation of one of the most polluted cities in Europe in the 1 9505. Air pollution had reached such a serious stage that it caused the London Smog in 1952 that caused 4000 deaths and a host of other related ailments among the Londoner. One of the main causes of the serious air pollution was the burning of fossil fuels by the many manufacturing industries producing iron and steel, automobiles, machinery, textiles and food. Coal and Oil were the main sources of fuel for the factories which resulted in the release of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, smoke, soot and other particulates. Inefficient machinery and obsolete techniques coupled with the improper monitoring worsened the air pollution. The severe air pollution was causing acid rain, smog and health problems. London being the capital city has a very population density and a large illume to transport vehicles such as aircrafts landing and taking off at the Weathers airport, lorries and buses on the streets, steamships and boats along the Themes River and private cars; all which were burning up coal, petrol and diesel in large quantities. This led to additional pollutants such as carbon monoxide, lead and carbon being released into the air. Fossil fuel combustion was also prevalent in the domestic households. Even fuel wood was burned to provide heating for homes. Inefficient combustion techniques and building construction led to incomplete burning and excessive release of air pollutants such as gases, smokes and particulates. Thermal electricity generation using fossil fuels further contributed to the worsening of the air quality.

World War I Campaigns of 1917

World War I Campaigns of 1917 In November 1916, Allied leaders again met at Chantilly to devise plans for the coming year. In their discussions, they determined to renew the fighting on the 1916 Somme battlefield as well as mount an offensive in Flanders designed to clear the Germans from the Belgian coast. These plans were quickly altered when General Robert Nivelle replaced General Joseph Joffre as commander-in-chief of the French Army. One of the heroes of Verdun, Nivelle was an artillery officer who believed that saturation bombardment coupled with creeping barrages could destroy the enemys defenses creating rupture and allowing Allied troops to break through to the open ground in the German rear. As the shattered landscape of the Somme did not offer suitable ground for these tactics, the Allied plan for 1917 came to resemble that of 1915, with offensives planned for Arras in the north and the Aisne in the south. While the Allies debated strategy, the Germans were planning to change their position. Arriving in the West in August 1916, General Paul von Hindenburg and his chief lieutenant, General Erich Ludendorff, began construction of a new set of entrenchments behind the Somme. Formidable in scale and depth, this new Hindenburg Line reduced the length of the German position in France, freeing ten divisions for service elsewhere. Completed in January 1917, German troops began shifting back to the new line in March. Watching the Germans withdraw, Allied troops followed in their wake and constructed a new set of trenches opposite the Hindenburg Line. Fortunately for Nivelle, this movement did not affect the areas targeted for offensive operations (Map). America Enters the Fray In the wake of the Lusitania sinking in 1915, President Woodrow Wilson had demanded that Germany cease its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. Though the Germans had complied with this, Wilson began efforts to bring the combatants to the negotiating table in 1916. Working through his emissary Colonel Edward House, Wilson even offered the Allies American military intervention if they would accept his conditions for a peace conference before the Germans. Despite this, the United States remained decidedly isolationist at the beginning of 1917 and its citizens were not eager to join what was seen as a European war. Two events in January 1917 set in motion a series of events which brought the nation into the conflict. The first of these was the Zimmermann Telegram which was made public in the United States on March 1. Transmitted in January, the telegram was a message from German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann to the government of Mexico seeking a military alliance in event of war with the United States. In return for attacking the United States, Mexico was promised the return of territory lost during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), including Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, as well as substantial financial assistance. Intercepted by British naval intelligence and the US State Department, the contents of the message caused widespread outrage among the American people. On December 22, 1916, the Chief of Staff of the Kaiserliche Marine, Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff issued a memorandum calling for the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. Arguing that victory could only be achieved by attacking Britains maritime supply lines, he was quickly supported by von Hindenburg and Ludendorff. In January 1917, they convinced Kaiser Wilhelm II that the approach was worth the risk of a break with the United States and submarine attacks resumed on February 1. The American reaction was swift and more severe than anticipated in Berlin. On February 26, Wilson asked Congress for permission to arm American merchant ships. In mid-March, three American ships were sunk by German submarines. A direct challenge, Wilson went before a special session of Congress on April 2 declaring that the submarine campaign was a war against all nations and asked that war be declared with Germany. This request was granted on April 6 and subsequent declarations of war were issu ed against Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. Mobilizing for War Though the United States had joined the fight, it would be some time before American troops could be fielded in large numbers. Numbering only 108,000 men in April 1917, the US Army began a rapid expansion as volunteers enlisted in large numbers and a selective draft instituted. Despite this, it was decided to immediately dispatch an American Expeditionary Force composed of one division and two Marine brigades to France. Command of the new AEF was given to General John J. Pershing. Possessing the second-largest battle fleet in the world, the American naval contribution was more immediate as US battleships joined the British Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow, giving the Allies a decisive and permanent numerical advantage at sea. The U-boat War As the United States mobilized for war, Germany began its U-boat campaign in earnest. In lobbying for unrestricted submarine warfare, Holtzendorff had estimated that sinking 600,000 tons per month for five months would cripple Britain. Rampaging across the Atlantic, his submarines crossed the threshold in April when they sunk 860,334 tons. Desperately seeking to avert disaster, the British Admiralty tried a variety of approaches to stem the losses, including Q ships which were warships disguised as merchantmen. Though initially resisted by the Admiralty, a system of convoys was implemented in late April. The expansion of this system led to reduced losses as the year progressed. While not eliminated, convoys, the expansion of air operations, and mine barriers worked to mitigate the U-boat threat for the remainder of the war. The Battle of Arras On April 9, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, opened the  offensive at Arras. Beginning a week earlier than Nivelles push to the south, it was hoped that Haigs attack would draw German troops away from the French front. Having conducted extensive planning and preparation, the British troops achieved great success on the first day of the offensive. Most notable was the swift capture of Vimy Ridge by General Julian Byngs Canadian Corps. Though advances were achieved, planned pauses in the attack hampered the exploitation of successful assaults. The next day, German reserves appeared on the battlefield and fighting intensified. By April 23, the battle had devolved into the type of attritional stalemate that had become typical of the Western Front. Under pressure to support Nivelles efforts, Haig pressed the offensive as casualties mounted. Finally, on May 23, the battle was brought to an end. Though Vimy Ridge had been taken, the strateg ic situation had not changed dramatically. The Nivelle Offensive To the south, the Germans faired better against Nivelle. Aware that an offensive was coming due to captured documents and loose French talk, the Germans had shifted additional reserves to the area behind the Chemin des Dames ridge in Aisne. In addition, they employed a system of flexible defense which removed the bulk of the defensive troops from the front lines. Having promised victory within forty-eight hours, Nivelle sent his men forward through rain and sleet on April 16. Pressing up the wooded ridge, his men were not able to keep up with the creeping barrage that was intended to protect them. Meeting increasingly heavy resistance, the advance slowed as heavy casualties were sustained. Advancing no more than 600 yards on the first day, the offensive soon became a bloody disaster (Map). By the end of the fifth day, 130,000 casualties (29,000 dead) had been sustained and Nivelle abandoned the attack having advanced around four miles on a sixteen-mile front. For his failure, he was relieved on April 29 and replaced by  General Philippe Pà ©tain. Discontent in the French Ranks In the wake of the failed Nivelle Offensive, a series of mutinies broke out in the French ranks. Though more along the lines of military strikes than traditional mutinies, the unrest manifested itself when fifty-four French divisions (nearly half the army) refused to the return to the front. In those divisions which were affected, there was no violence between the officers and men, simply unwillingness on the part of the rank and file to maintain the status quo. Demands from the mutineers generally were characterized by requests for more leave, better food, better treatment for their families, and a halt to offensive operations. Though known for his abrupt personality, Pà ©tain recognized the severity of the crisis and took a soft hand. Though unable to openly state that offensive operations would be halted, he implied that this would be the case. In addition, he promised more regular and frequent leave, as well as implementing a defense in depth system which required fewer troops in the front lines. While his officers worked to win back the mens obedience, efforts were made to round up the ringleaders. All told, 3,427 men were court-martialed for their roles in the mutinies with forty-nine executed for their crimes. Much to Pà ©tains fortune, the Germans never detected the crisis and remained quiet along the French front. By August, Pà ©tain felt confident enough to conduct minor offensive operations near Verdun, but much to the mens pleasure, no major French offensive occurred prior to July 1918. The British Carry the Load With French forces effectively incapacitated, the British were forced to bear the responsibility for keeping the pressure on the Germans. In the days after the Chemin des Dames debacle, Haig began seeking a way to relieve pressure on the French. He found his answer in plans that General Sir Herbert Plumer had been developing for capturing Messines Ridge near Ypres. Calling for extensive mining under the ridge, the plan was approved and Plumer opened the  Battle of Messines  on June 7. Following a preliminary bombardment, explosives in the mines were detonated vaporizing part of the German front. Swarming forward, Plumers men took the ridge and rapidly achieved the operations objectives. Repelling German counterattacks, British forces built new defensive lines to hold their gains. Concluding on June 14, Messines was one of the few clear-cut victories achieved by either side on the Western Front (Map). The Third Battle of Ypres (Battle of Passchendaele) With the success at Messines, Haig sought to revive his plan for an offensive through the center of the Ypres salient. Intended to first capture the village of Passchendaele,  the offensive  was to break through the German lines and clear them from the coast. In planning the operation, Haig was opposed Prime Minister David Lloyd George who increasingly wished to husband British resources and await the arrival of large numbers of American troops before launching any major offensives on the Western Front. With the support of Georges principal military advisor, General Sir William Robertson, Haig was finally able to secure approval. Opening the battle on July 31, British troops attempted to secure the Gheluvelt Plateau. Subsequent attacks were mounted against Pilckem Ridge and Langemarck. The battlefield, which was largely reclaimed land, soon degenerated into a vast sea of mud as seasonal rains moved through the area. Though the advance was slow, new bite and hold tactics allowed the British to gain ground. These called for short advances supported by massive amounts of artillery. Employment of these tactics secured objectives such as the Menin Road, Polygon Wood, and Broodseinde. Pressing on despite heavy losses and criticism from London, Haig secured Passchendaele on November 6. Fighting subsided four days later (Map). The Third Battle of Ypres became a symbol of the conflicts grinding, attritional warfare and many have debated the need for the offensive. In the fighting, the British had made a maximum effort, sustained over 240,000 casualties, and failed to breach the German defenses. While these losses coul d not be replaced, the Germans had forces in the East to make good their losses. The Battle of Cambrai With the fighting for Passchendaele devolving into a bloody stalemate, Haig approved a plan presented by General Sir Julian Byng for a  combined attack against Cambrai  by the Third Army and the Tank Corps. A new weapon, tanks have not previously been massed in large numbers for an assault. Utilizing a new artillery scheme, Third Army achieved surprise over the Germans on November 20 and made quick gains. Though achieving their initial objectives, Byngs men had difficulty exploiting the success as reinforcements had trouble reaching the front. By the next day, German reserves began arriving and fighting intensified. British troops fought a bitter battle to take control of Bourlon Ridge and by November 28 began digging in to defend their gains. Two days later, German troops, utilizing stormtrooper infiltration tactics, launched a massive counterattack. While the British fought hard to defend the ridge in the north, the Germans made gains in the south. When the fighting ended on De cember 6, the battle had become a draw with each side gaining and losing about the same amount of territory. The fighting at Cambrai effectively brought operations on the Western Front to a close for the winter (Map). In Italy To the south in Italy, the forces of General Luigi Cadorna continued attacks in the Isonzo Valley. Fought in May-June 1917, the Tenth Battle of the Isonzo and gained little ground. Not to be dissuaded, he opened the Eleventh Battle on August 19. Focusing on the Bainsizza Plateau, Italian forces made some gains but could not dislodge the Austro-Hungarian defenders. Suffering 160,000 casualties, the battle badly depleted Austrian forces on the Italian front (Map). Seeking help, Emperor Karl sought reinforcements from Germany. These were forthcoming and soon a total of thirty-five divisions opposed Cadorna. Through years of fighting, the Italians had taken much of the valley, but the Austrians still held two bridgeheads across the river. Utilizing these crossings, German General Otto von Below attacked on October 24, with his troops employing stormtrooper tactics and poison gas. Known as the  Battle of Caporetto, von Belows forces broke into the rear of the Italian Second Army and cau sed Cadornas entire position to collapse. Forced into headlong retreat, the Italians attempted to make a stand at the Tagliamento River but were forced back when the Germans bridged it on November 2. Continuing the retreat, the Italians finally halted behind the Piave River. In achieving his victory, von Below advanced eighty miles and had taken 275,000 prisoners. Revolution in Russia The beginning of 1917 saw troops in the Russian ranks expressing many of the same complaints offered by the French later that year. In the rear, the Russian economy had reached a full war footing, but the boom that resulted brought about rapid inflation and led to the break down of the economy and infrastructure. As food supplies in Petrograd dwindled, unrest increased leading to mass demonstrations and a revolt by the Tsars Guards. At his headquarters in Mogilev, Tsar Nicholas II was initially unconcerned by events in the capital. Beginning on March 8, the February Revolution (Russia still used the Julian calendar) saw the rise of a Provisional Government in Petrograd. Ultimately convinced to abdicate, he stepped down on March 15 and nominated his brother Grand Duke Michael to succeed him. This offer was refused and the Provisional Government took power. Willing to continue the war, this government, in conjunction with the local Soviets, soon appointed Alexander Kerensky Minister of War. Naming General Aleksei Brusilov Chief of Staff, Kerensky worked to restore the spirit of the army. On June 18, the Kerensky Offensive began with Russian troops striking the Austrians with the goal of reaching Lemberg. For the first two days, the Russians advanced before the lead units, believing they had done their part, halted. Reserve units refused to move forward to take their place and mass desertions began (Map). As the Provisional Government faltered at the front, it came under attack from the rear from returning extremists such as Vladimir Lenin. Aided by the Germans, Lenin had arrived back in Russia on April 3. Lenin immediately began speaking at Bolshevik meetings and preaching a program of non-cooperation with the Provisional Government, nationalization, and an end to the war. As the Russian army began to melt away at the front, the Germans took advantage and conducted offensive operations in the north which culminated in the capture of Riga. Becoming prime minister in July, Kerensky sacked Brusilov and replaced him with anti-German General Lavr Kornilov. On August 25, Kornilov ordered troops to occupy Petrograd and disperse the Soviet. Calling for military reforms, including the abolition of Soldiers Soviets and political regiments, Kornilov grew in popularity with Russian moderates. Ultimately maneuvered into attempting a coup, he was removed after its failure. With Kornilovs defeat, Kerensky and the Provisional Government effectively lost their power as Lenin and the Bolsheviks were in the ascent. On November 7, the October Revolution began which saw the Bolsheviks seize power. Taking control, Lenin formed a new government and immediately called for a three-month armistice. Peace in the East Initially wary of dealing with the revolutionaries, the Germans and Austrians finally agreed to meet with Lenins representatives in December. Opening peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk, the Germans demanded independence for Poland and Lithuania, while the Bolsheviks wished for peace without annexations or indemnities. Though in a weak position, the Bolsheviks continued to stall. Frustrated, the Germans announced in February that they would suspend the armistice unless their terms were accepted and take as much of Russia as they desired. On February 18, German forces began advancing. Meeting no resistance, they seized much of the Baltic countries, Ukraine, and Belarus. Panic-struck, Bolshevik leaders ordered their delegation to accept Germanys terms immediately. While the  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk  took Russia out of the war, it cost the nation 290,000 square miles of territory, as well as a quarter of its population and industrial resources.

Religion and theology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religion and theology - Assignment Example This is specifically evident in the Scopes trial. Through this trial, it became clear that many people began to question religion and as a result, the government and strong supporters of religion sought to ensure that religious values are enshrined even if it meant passing laws. The significance of religion and particularly Christianity is seen through the role that Graham played. He not only pushed for Christianity but also offered counsel to many presidents and this affirms the role and perception that the American societies have had over religion. There have been debates of the 20th century brought enlightenment and questioning of religion but through the efforts of people like Graham, there is clear attempt to salvage the significance of religion in society. Graham used his influence by ensuring that his ideologies were shared with the people who held the highest offices in the society.he offered counsel to presidents and this shows how influential he was and still remains. Despite the skepticism that many had over religion as demonstrated by Ingersol and people like him, the role of people like Graham in cementing religion cannot go unnoticed. The belief system as portrayed through the views of Ingersol and Graham demonstrated the society’s overall view of religion. Even so, most members of the society still hold religion in high esteem. Skepticism and cynicism over religion have not over showed the significance that of religion; at least, going by what has been discussed here in.